The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (124 page)

Feder, Barnaby J., 564
n

Federal Reserve Board, 97

feedforward sequence, 154, 170, 186, 574
n

Feigenbaum, Edward A., 295–296, 582
n

Feigenbaum test (FT), 295–296

Feinstein Amendment, 594
n

Feldham, Jim, 591
n

Felsenfeld, Gary, 549
n

femtotechnology, 138–139, 351

Fenniri, Hicham, 528
n

Feringa, Ben, 234

Fermi, Enrico, 348

Fermi Paradox, 348, 357–359

ferromagnetic metallic alloys, 119

fetuses, cloning of, 221

Feynman, Richard P., 86, 226, 227, 228, 320, 558
n

Feynman Gate, 534
n

fiber cells:

        climbing, 180,
180
, 181

        mossy, 179,
180, 182
, 545
n

fiber optics, 76, 346

field-emission displays (FEDs), 253

fimbriae, 236

finance, 413, 449

        AI systems in, 283, 284, 287, 294

        
see also
stock, stock market

fine-structure constant,
see
alpha

fingers, 174

        
see also
thumbs

Finkel, Leif H., 162, 164, 530
n
, 541
n

Finn, O. J., 554
n

firewalls, 256, 257

firmware, 444

First Union Home Equity Bank, 284

Fitch, Tecumseh, 190

flash memory, 54, 113, 115, 116

Fleischman, Martin, 567
n

Florence, University of, 288

flu, 398, 402

flying machines, 457–458

FocalPoint, 282–283

Focus
, 309, 586
n

Fodor, Jerry A., 387, 594
n

Fogg, D. K., 552
n

foglets, 28, 29, 33, 310, 325, 506
n

Foiles, P., 555
n

Foley, E. T., 562
n

food, food supply, 301, 339

        cloning of, 224

        in digestive tract, 386

        genetically modified, 406, 414–415, 471

        nanotechnology and, 251

        spybots and, 406

food additives, 215

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 12, 195, 217, 282, 412, 416, 585
n

foreign languages, translation of, 288, 292, 313, 337

Foresight Institute, 558
n
, 584
n

        guidelines of, 229, 395, 411, 418–419, 598
n

forgetting, 176–177, 543
n

Forró, László, 526
n

Fortran, 89

forward internal models, 179

fossil fuels,
see
coal; oil, oil industry

Founds, H., 555
n

Fountain, Henry, 536
n

four-dimensional network, 520
n

Fourier transforms, 438

Foveon, 533
n

Fox, Armando, 284

fractals, 89, 522
n

        brain and, 46–47, 68, 446–449

        defined, 68, 447

Francis of Assisi, Saint, 382

Franklin, Benjamin, 382–383

Franks, Tommy, 334

Frantz, Gene, 533
n

fraud, detection of, 269, 276, 283, 284

Fredkin, Edward, 86, 87, 127, 518
n
–519
n
, 533
n
, 534
n

        reversible computing and, 130, 131–132

Freeman, Walter J., 538
n

free will, 382, 521
n
–522
n

Freitas, Robert, Jr., 133, 230, 238, 403, 506
n
, 535
n
, 536
n
, 537
n
, 541
n
, 548
n
, 557
n
–560
n
, 561
n
, 562
n
, 563
n
, 566
n
, 568
n
, 584
n
, 585
n
, 587
n
, 591
n
, 595
n
, 596
n
, 597
n
, 600
n

        on biological age, 253

        brain scanning and, 164–166

        on brain-uploading system, 548
n
–549
n

        on energy, 249, 566
n

        on life expectancy, 323

        on nanobot problems, 399, 400, 411–412, 425

        nanomedicine and, 254, 255, 305–306, 584
n

        robotic probes advocated by, 591
n

        sentience quotient of, 536
n

        vasculoid design of, 306

Fremouw, Thane, 545
n

French, Robert M., 569
n

Freud, Sigmund, 176

“Freud, Sigmund,” 202, 203, 317–318, 381, 458, 475

Friedman, Scott, 547
n

Frisch, Max, 341

Friston, K. J., 143, 537
n
, 543
n

Fromherz, Peter, 586
n
, 587
n

Frontier Medical Institute, 550
n

frontoinsular cortex, 193

fructose, 248

fuel cells, 133, 230, 238, 244, 246, 247–248, 334, 340, 397

        energy storage in, 247, 421, 434, 457

Fuerth, Leon, 470, 471–472

Fujishima, Akira, 567
n

Fulford, Benjamin, 526
n

functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI), 150, 156, 158, 160–161, 175, 176, 193

fundamentalism, 498
n

        environmentalist, 414–415

        GNR impact and, 338, 340–341

        humanist, 415, 471

        religious, 414

Fuster, J. M., 542
n

future, 3–4, 5, 7, 299

        misunderstanding of, 10–14, 240–241

        prediction of, 432

Future Combat System (FCS), 331–333

FutureGen, 244

Future of Life conference (2003), 11–12, 499
n

Future Route, 284

Gabriel, Richard, 569
n

Gabrieli, John, 175, 176–177

Gage, Fred H., 177, 544
n

galaxies, 357, 390

        Hubble distance and, 354

        Milky Way, 342–348, 590
n

        stars vs., 281

Gall, W. E., 532
n
, 538
n

Gallant, J., 547
n

Gallaway, J., 595
n

gallium arsenide, 119, 138, 251

game-playing programs:

        for chess, 274–278, 441, 459

        recursive search and, 272–273, 577
n
–580
n

Gan, Wen-Biao, 172

Ganer, Alan G., 599
n

ganglion cells, 187

Grdner, James, 359, 361–362, 366, 592
n
, 602
n

Gardner, Timothy, 221

Garfinkel, S. L., 555
n

Gargini, Paolo, 112, 526
n

Gartner, John, 567
n
, 582
n

gas:

        curved surfaces and, 265

        energy from, 243, 244, 247, 250, 252, 420

        prediction of properties of, 168, 432

gates, 111

        logic,
see
logic gates

“Gates, Bill,” 374–376

Gell-Mann, Murray, 37, 38, 508
n

gender, change in, 318–319

gene chips (microarrays), 214–215, 552
n

gene expression, 16, 147, 213–216, 283, 551
n
–553
n
, 556
n
, 557
n

        nanobots and, 232–233

        peptides and, 213, 223, 232

        RNA interference and, 12, 214, 256, 323, 417, 422, 551
n

        suppression of, 219, 323, 422

General Dynamics, 235

General Electric, 271

General Problem Solver (GPS) program, 264, 273, 569
n

general relativity theory, 341, 355, 378, 500
n
, 503
n
, 520
n

genes, genetics, 16, 27, 107, 168, 282, 482–483

        of chimpanzees vs. humans, 5, 505
n

        defective, 214, 553
n

        as disposition, 225

        fat insulin receptor (FIR), 12, 303

        mutations and,
see
mutations

        protection of, 42

        regulatory sequences of, 551
n

        revolution in, 73, 84, 205–227, 299–300, 549
n
–557
n
;
see also
biotechnology

        in sexual reproduction, 46

        “suicide,” 219

gene splicing, 418, 423, 482

gene therapy, 215–217, 219, 220, 256, 323, 553
n

genetic algorithms (GAs),
see
evolutionary (genetic) algorithms

genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 406, 414–415, 471

genetic disorders, 553
n

genetic engineering, 28, 301

        environmentalist campaign against, 391

        viruses and, 206, 393, 398, 402–403

genetic errors, cloning and, 221, 556
n

genetic modification, 116–117, 171

genetic profiling, uses of, 214–215

genome, human, 13, 145, 225, 600
n

        aging and, 221

        brain and, 89, 147, 180, 428–429, 440, 443–444, 523
n

        compression of, 89, 147, 206–207, 443, 448, 449, 482, 508
n
, 516
n
–517
n
, 523
n
, 538
n

        DNA sequencing and, 73–74,
73, 74
, 85, 514
n

        fractal designs and, 46, 47

        information content of, 46, 47, 206–207, 516
n
–517
n
, 522
n

        proteins and, 42, 225, 510
n
, 517
n

        reverse engineering of, 517
n

genome, virus, 553
n

genomics, 323

geothermal technologies, 243, 244, 246

Gerberding, Julie, 514
n

Gerla, Mario, 589
n

Germany, Germans, 2, 138, 188, 195, 308, 536
n

Gianaro, Catherine, 506
n

Gilbert, S.F., 551
n

Gilder, George, 370, 394, 497
n

Giorelli, Giulio, 369

giraffe, brain of, 4, 169

Gisin, Nicolas, 353–354

Glenn, Jerome C., 565
n

glial cells, 195

Glickstein, M., 544
n
, 545
n

glucose, 124, 230, 232, 399, 530
n

        blood-brain barrier and, 163, 165

        in fuel cells, 230, 238, 248, 306

        nanomedicine and, 238, 243, 307

        as nutrient, 301

glycogen, 305

GMOs,
see
genetically modified organisms

GNR (Genetics, Nanotechnology, Robotics) age, 205–298, 407, 549
n
–583
n

        defensive technologies for,
see
defensive technologies for GNR age

        economic growth from, 98, 230–231, 396–397, 406, 410

        existential risks of, 406–407, 422

        exponential growth and, 73, 227, 245–246