The Pirate Queen (74 page)

Luxan, Francisco de

MacDonnell, Sorley Boy

Mace, Samuel

Machiavelli, Niccolò

Magellan, Ferdinand

Man, John

Manteo (Indian scout)

Marchaumont, Monsieur de

Margaret of Parma, Regent of the Netherlands

Marie of Burgundy

maritime power, English: atrocities by English, base in Guinea sought, broad spectrum of English backers and, casualties on voyages, colonization schemes for America, control of Straits of Dover, cry for free trade “beyond the line,” Dee’s paper and building of a standing navy, defeat of the Spanish Armada and rise of, Drake’s circumnavigation voyage and, Drake’s sighting of Pacific and, Drake’s trading mission to the East Indies and, English port cities and, English seamen, expansion, xvi, exploration and, freedom of the high seas and, Frobisher’s exploration of American coast, Hawkins’ first slaver voyage, Hawkins’ fourth slaver voyage, Hawkins’ second slaver voyage, Hawkins’s redesign of naval vessels and, impact of Hawkins voyages, loss of Straits of Dover (Narrow Seas), Lovell voyage, mapmaking and, nadir of, national security and, navigation by dead reckoning, piracy and, press-gangs, as route for social elevation, trade “beyond the line” and, trade with Russia for shipbuilding materials and, transatlantic voyages, voyages to Guinea after Hawkins.
See also
navy, English

Marlowe, Christopher

Martínez de Recalde, Juan

Mary I (Tudor), Queen of England, death of, debts owed to Flanders merchants, lack of an heir, persecution of Protestants, Wyatt’s Rebellion against

Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, xvi; abandons claims to English throne, claim to English throne, as Dowager Queen of France, execution of, exile in England, Guise family and, Leicester rejected as husband, marriage to Darnley, murder of Darnley, plots of, as Queen of France, Ridolfi plot and, Throckmorton plot and, war with

Medina Sidonia, Duke of

Mendoza, Don Bernardino de

Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro de

Mercator, Gerard

Mercers’ Company

Merchant Adventurers, Company of, xix, alliance with Hamburg, alliance with Houses of Burgundy and Habsburg, in Antwerp, desire for return of Netherlands trade, as English trading powerhouse, Hanse trade block and, loans for Elizabeth and, revenue generation for the crown, royal assent and, safety of ships, concern for, search for a Northeast Passage, suspension of payments to Antwerp, treasure and

Merchant Adventurers with Sir Humphrey Gilbert, The

Michelbourne, Sir Edward

Middleton, Thomas

Mildmay, Sir Walter

Minivy, Richard

Monteagle, William Parkerth Baron

Moone, Thomas

Morgan, Michael

Mountjoy, Charles Blountth Baron, in Ireland

Muscovy Company, xv–xvii, backers of, casualties and failures, Drake’s trading mission to the East Indies and, first voyage to Russia, founder, Sebastian Cabot, Gilbert and, incorporated by the Queen, land route to Persia sought, monopoly on trade with Russia, Northeast Passage sought, objection to “interlopers,” passage to Cathay sought by, second voyage of Jenkinson, subscribers to first voyage, trade with Russia and

Nashe, Thomas

Nassau, Louis, Count of

navy, English, bases in France, bases of operations, Calais of strategic importance, Dee’s paper and building of a standing navy, foreign ships taken for, of gentleman adventurers, Hawkins’ charges against misappropriation of funds and, Hawkins’ redesigned ships, inventory of ships, lack of true Royal Navy, mobilization system, rebuilding of, royal dockyards, seaman’s salary, seamen of, signal fires, spotting of the Armada, size of merchant navys, Spanish Armada, battles and impact on future of naval combat, Spanish Armada, English fleet against, Spanish Armada, galleons vs. English redesigned ships, Spanish invasion threatened and, weakened state, William Winter as master of naval ordnance

Netherlands (Low Countries), xv; Antwerp (
see
Antwerp); arrest of English merchants, confiscation of English property, control of Straits of Dover and, Council of Troubles/Council of Blood, Duke of Alba’s command of, Duke of Anjou and, Duke of Parma’s control of, Dutch, Tulipomania of, Dutch Empire, birth of, Dutch trade in the East Indies, Eighty Years War begun, Elizabeth supports Dutch rebels, English embargo on grain to, English rebels given protection, France and, Iconoclastic Fury (Fleming’s rebellion), Inquisition in, loans to Philip II, losses to pirates, Protestant allies of England in, Protestantism in, xv; Protestant refugees from, redrawing of Netherlands religious map, Spain in, xv, Spanish Fury under Farnese, trade and prosperity in, trading closed to English in, unrest in, Virginia (Roanoke) colony, William of Orange captures Brill, William of Orange’s forces and

Nevers, Duc de

Newbery, John

Newfoundland

New Found World or Antartctike
(Thévet)

Newman, Harry

Nonsuch, Treaty of

Norfolk, Thomas Howardth Duke of, plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, in Ridolfi plot, sentenced to death

Norris, Sir John “Black Jack”

North America, Baffin Island, Brownists colony sought in, Catholic transportation scheme, colonization by English, Countess of Warwick’s Island, English plan to colonize Florida, Española ports, Fernandez reconnaissance mission, first English sketches of Native Americans, Florida, destruction of Spanish settlements by Indians, founding of Maryland, French Huguenot settlement, Fort Caroline, Florida, French Huguenot settlement, Fort Caroline, Florida, slaughter of, Frobisher claims Baffin for England, Frobisher exploration of North American coast, Frobisher’s Bay, Frobisher second voyage of exploration, Frobisher’s Strait, Frobisher’s third voyage of exploration, Gilbert’s land grant, Gilbert’s second voyage, Greenland, Hudson Strait, Isthmus of Panama, Little Hall’s Island, Meta Incognita (Limit of the Unknown), Native Americans, need for slaves, New Albion, territory claimed by Drake, Newfoundland, Northwest Passage sought, Norumbega expedition of Gilbert, ore found and gold fever, Pilgrims arrive on the
Mayflower
, Roanoke voyages, settlement of North America, Stucley’s piracy in, Virginia (Roanoke) colony,,.
See also
West Indies and Spanish America

Northern Rising

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, investor in Muscovy Company

Nottingham, Charles Howard, Earl of (formerly 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham)

Of the Voyage for Guiana
(Raleigh)

O’Neill, Shane, murder of, Spain and

Orlando, William de

Ormonde, Thomas Butlerth Earl of

Ortelius, Abraham

Osborne, Sir Edward

Ottoman Turks: ambush of Spanish fleet at Djerba, defeat at Lepanto, English trade with, war with Spain, Oxenham, John, voyage to Isthmus of Panama

Oxford, Edward de Vereth Earl of

Paget, Williamst Baron

Papacy, xv; excommunication of Elizabeth by Pius V, Munster plot and, papal bull against Elizabeth, refusal to adopt Gregorian calendar, xviii, siege of Smerwick and, threat of

Pardon of Maywood

Parma, Alexander Farnese, Duke of, Armada and, Spanish Armada and

Paul IV, Pope

Paz, Luis de

Peckham, Sir George

Pembroke, William Herbertst Earl of, backing of Frobisher, backing of Hawkins, Northern Rising and, quest for riches

Pett, Peter

Petty Naval Royal, The
(Dee) “Petty Navy Royal, A” (Dee)

Philip II, King of Spain: ambitions for empire, Armada of, attempts to stop Hawkins’s voyage, bankruptcy of 1557, bankruptcy of 1560, Bristol Accord and peace with England, Calais taken by, Catholic League strategy, claim to English throne, closes Antwerp to the English, complaints against English interloping into Spanish waters, Council for the Indies, death of, draining of English treasury, Elizabeth as threat, Elizabeth’s familiarity with, Elizabeth’s marriage and, Elizabeth’s relationship with, Elizabeth’s statecraft and, English trade in the Middle East and, France, assistance given to, France and, Francis Drake as
El Draco
and, French alliance and, harbors English rebels, Hawkins’ voyages and, as husband of Mary Tudor, intervention on Lady Elizabeth’s behalf, invasion of England and, letter dictation by, loss of the
San Felipe
and mounting debts, loss of the treasure ship
Madre de Dios
and, marriage prospects with Elisabeth of France, marriage to Elisabeth of France, Munster plot and, navy of, need for revenue, Netherlands, occupation of, Netherlands cessation of trade problem, order to seize foreign ships (1585), xxiv, papal ally, papal bull against Elizabeth and backing for invasion, peace negotiations with France, persecution of Protestants, piracy problem, Portugal, claims throne of, Raleigh’s American expedition and, rebuilding of navy, redrawing of Netherlands religious map, religion, priority of, removal of troops from the Netherlands, Ridolfi plot against Elizabeth, second Armada, failure of, Seville, Spain as base of, Spanish Armada, Thomas Stucley and, threatens war if England aids Dom Antonio, trade policies, Americas and West Indies, xvi–xvii; treasure, revenue from, war against the Turks, war costs, war debt, war with Moriscos, withdrawal of troops from the Netherlands Philip III, King of Spain Pilgrimage of Grace uprising Piper, Diggory

pirates, adventurers (rovers, corsairs), African coast and, arrested by High Court of the Admiralty, to build personal fortunes, capture of Spanish treasure ship,
Madre de Dios
, Dee’s proposal to use in standing English navy, Drake confiscates treasure ship,
San Filipe
, Drake’s circumnavigation for plunder, Drake’s fleet to plunder Spain and Spanish America, Drake’s plunder, circumnavigation, Drake’s plunder on the Spanish Main, Drake’s profits from, Drake’s secret mission to destroy the fleet at Cadiz, Elizabeth’s edict ordering need for a license, English,, English, against Flemish, English, against Portugal, English, against Spain, in English Channel, English joint stock companies and, in 1570s, French, French, against Portugal, French, against Spain, in Galicia amd Andalusia, gentleman adventurers and, “harvesting at sea,” Huguenots as, impressing of seamen and, Irish

pirates, adventurers
(continued)
Islands Voyage to the Azores kinship among letters of reprisal or marque and as local heroes Martin Frobisher and as means of social elevation Mediterranean plunder merchants and, blurring of line Muslim notorious noblemen as passing of day of as patriotic plunder as payment for protecting English fleet plunder as trade proliferation of, 1590s, as Protestant Protestant West Countrymen as Queen takes one-third share of registered plunder raids in the Pacific (
see also
Drake, Sir Francis); raids on Spanish shipping and deniability by Elizabeth Raleigh, Sir Walter as reprisal ships reprisal ships and rise of English, causes sanctioned by Elizabeth Scottish Sea Beggars smuggling and on Spanish Main survival of England and Thomas Fleming as Thomas Stucley in West Indies and Spanish Americas who they were.
See also
Drake, Sir Francis; Hawkins, John;
specific pirates

Pius IV, Pope excommunication of Elizabeth redrawing of Netherlands religious map Ridolfi plot against Elizabeth war declared on England

Pius V Pope

plague English garrison in France struck in London in Plymouth

Pocohantas

Pole, Cardinal

Ponce de Leon, Pedro

Ponte, Pedro de Portugal: Alba’s troops in China trade claims of Dom Antonio to throne claim to sea off Guinea coast of Africa control of Hormuz and Goa demand for redress of losses to Drake English capturing of slaves and ships English interloping into Guinea French piracy and lost ships Philip II claims the throne problems in Guinea colonies Raleigh’s attempt to restore Dom Antonio Spain’s deceit in Guinea slaving and Spice Islands and treasure ship from Goa taken by Drake unites with Spain world divided with Spain

Principall Navigations
(Hakluyt)

Privy Council blocks Raleigh’s return to Virginia demand of bond from Hawkins deployment of troops to Newhaven Elizabeth’s first instructions to Essex sworn in as councillor faction promoting marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to Norfolk fortification of coastal towns called for fund raising by Huguenot offer of Newhaven in return for troop support inventory of Elizabeth’s debts and collection of on Ireland massacre at Rathlin and oath of loyalty Philip’s seizure of foreign ships (1585) and report on Mary’s draining of treasury for Philip’s wars Robert Cecil on Spanish ambassador’s complaints about Hawkins’s voyages Sussex on war with Spain and.
See also
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, advisors

Protestants Elizabethan England as Protestant nation Elizabeth as supporter of Elizabeth I as leader of in England in the Netherlands peace with Catholics in England persecution of Philip’s opposition to in Scotland.
See also
France Huguenots in