The Pirate Queen (70 page)

Chapter 7.
Raising the Stakes

All books previously used relating to the economy and naval matters, John Hawkins, the appropriately dated
Calendars
and
APC
were also used in this chapter. Also, I consulted G. D. Ramsay’s
City of London
.

Chapter 8.
Cunning Deceits

In this chapter, I used the aforementioned
Calendars
books relating to economics and politics, Elizabeth’s and Philip II’s strategies, John Hawkins, and Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
. Additionally, I also consulted Dava Sobel’s marvelous
Longitude
(London, 1998); vol. 8 of J. A. Froude’s
History of England
(London, 1872); John Blake’s
West Africa, Quest for God and Gold, 1454–1578
(London, 1977); and, of course, Julian Corbett’s
Drake and the Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, England, 1988).

Chapter 9.
The Gloves Are Off

Again, I used the appropriate
Calendars
and
APC
in this chapter. I also consulted C. Brady’s
The Chief Governors of Ireland
(Dublin, 2004) and
his edition of
A Viceroy’s Vindication
(Cork, 2002). Julian Corbett, Nick Hazlewood, and Harry Kelsey provided the detail on the Hawkins voyages.

Chapter 10.
Lovell’s Lamentable Voyage

Harry Kelsey’s and Nick Hazlewood’s Hawkins biographies formed the basis of this chapter, along with John Sugden’s amazing biography
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996). I also consulted the original manuscripts listed above, regarding privateering. Harry Kelsey’s and Nick Hazlewood’s Hawkins biographies formed the basis of this chapter, along with John Sugden’s amazing biography
Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1996). I also consulted the original manuscripts listed above, regarding privateering.

Chapter 11.
The Troublesome Voyage of John Hawkins

Original testimonies from the Inquisition contained in the Spanish-affairs manuscripts highlighted above, as well as Ortho E VIII formed the basis of this chapter. Richard Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
was a core source. Kenneth Andrews’s
The Spanish Caribbean
, N. Hazlewood’s
The Queen’s Slave Trader
, H. Kelsey’s
Sir John Hawkins
, and J. Sugden’s
Sir Francis Drake
were also used.

Chapter 12.
The Queen and Alba’s Pay Ships

I consulted the
Calendar of State Papers—Spain
, as well as Richard Hakluyt’s
The Tudor Venturers
and J. Calvar Gross’s (ed.)
La Batalla del Mar Oceáno
(Madrid, 1988), vols 1–3. Conyers Read’s
Seizure of Alba’s Payships
(Mariner’s Mirror, London, no. 21, pp. 450–452) provides a succinct interpretation of the events. Charles Wilson’s
Queen Elizabeth and the Revolt of the Netherlands
(London, 1970) was very useful, as was Geoffrey Parker’s
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
(London, 1998). Julian Corbett’s above referenced works were also used.

Chapter 13.
The Cost of Failure

I consulted Spanish manuscripts, in particular AGI Patronato 265, containing eyewitness accounts and statements. I relied on John Hawkins’s own
Troublesome Voyadge
(London, 1571), which recounts events of the 1568 voyage, as well as
Francis Drake Privateer
, John Hampden (ed.) (London, 1972), which incorporates Drake’s own testimony from
Sir Francis Drake Revived
. In addition, I consulted English
Calendars
for the appropriate dates and E. Arber’s (ed.)
An English Garner
, 10 vols. (London, 1903) was particularly useful.

Chapter 14.
Undeclared Holy War

I referred to the same sources I used for Chapter 13, with the addition of J. S. Corbett’s
Drake and the Tudor Navy
and the
Calendar
for Rome.

Chapter 15.
Drake’s War

MS Ashmole 830 from the Bodleian Library, John Sugden’s
Sir Francis Drake
, Irene A. Wright’s superb translation of
Documents Concerning English Voyages to the Spanish Main 1569–1580
, vol. 1 (London, 1973), and John Hampden’s (ed.)
Francis Drake Privateer
were the main sources I consulted for this chapter. I also used
Calendars
and the other general histories outlined in the beginning of the bibliography.

Chapter 16.
The Dread of Future Foes

In addition to consulting the
Calendars
for Rome and Spain, the English manuscripts I consulted included MS Cotton Caligula, C. III and MS Additional 30156. I checked the
DNB
for the biographies of those who appear in the chapter, and used Alan Stewart’s highly readable
Philip Sidney, A Double Life
(London, 2004). On the queen and the Sea Beggars, I relied upon
The English Historical Review
, vol. XLVI 1931, “Queen Elizabeth, The Sea Beggars, and the Capture of Brill, 1572,” in addition to Ellis’s
Original Letters Illustrative of English History
(London, 1824). Raymond de Roover’s
Gresham on Foreign Exchange
was also useful.

Chapter 17.
Drake at the Treasure House of the World, and

Chapter 18.
From a Treetop in Darien

All of the Drake biographies, and especially his own version of events, I relied upon heavily when working on this chapter. Additionally, Harry Kelsey’s
Sir Francis Drake: The Queen’s Pirate
(New York, 1998) was also useful.

Chapter 19.
Success at a Cost

I relied on all the Drake biographies again here, as well as Julian Corbett’s
Drake and the Tudor Navy
, and my book,
The Sancy Blood Diamond
(New York, 2004), specifically relating to previous research regarding Drake, Queen Elizabeth, and Dom Antonio of Portugal. Kenneth R. Andrew’s
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
proved invaluable.

Chapter 20.
Dr. Dee’s Nursery and the Northwest Passage

Few of us today appreciate just how pivotal Dr. John Dee was to the exploration process. This becomes quite apparent in this chapter through his own writings in his
Private Diaries
(London, 1842 reprint) and
The British Monarchy or General & Rare Memoria
(London 1577), in which his treatise on the
Petty Navy Royal
first appears. Benjamin Woolley’s
The Queen’s Conjurer
and Nicholas Crane’s exceptional
Mercator
(London, 2003) are gripping and wonderful reads, and I used them both in this chapter. I referred to George Beste’s
A True Discourse of the Late Voyages of Martin Frobisher…
(London, 1578), as well as Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
and the Exchequer E351 State Papers.

Chapter 21. Dark Days at Rathlin Island

The Drake biographies (particularly Sugden), Sir Henry Sidney’s
A Viceroy’s Vindication
, C. Brady (ed.), and C. Brady’s
The Chief Governors of Ireland
were my prime sources here. MS Additional 48015 and SP 63/51 and 63/54 (Ireland) were also useful.
The Correspondence of Sir Philip Sidney and Hubert Languet
, S. A. Pears (ed.) (London, 1845) was also illuminating.

Chapter 22. Drake’s Perfect Timing

Drake’s own account in
Sir Francis Drake Revived
forms the primary source for this chapter. Derek Wilson’s
Sweet Robin
, about Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester; Harry Kelsey’s
Sir John Hawkins
; John Sugden’s
Sir Francis Drake,
and Kenneth R. Andrews’s
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
were used to corroborate some of Drake’s assertions. Also BL MS Lansdowne 113, and John Dee’s
A Petty Navy Royal
were integral parts of my research. I also referred to Thomas Greepe’s account
The True and Perfect News of the Worthy and Valiant Exploits Performed and Done by That Valiant Knight, Sir Francis Drake
(London, 1587).

Chapter 23. The Northwest and the Company of Kathai

George Best’s original
A True Discourse of the Late Voyages of Martin Frobisher…
was my primary source for this chapter. The appropriately dated
Calendar of State Papers—Domestic
and
Colonial
were also useful. I relied upon Richard Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
and Andrews’s
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, too.

Chapter 24. In the Shadow of Magellan

The chapter in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s
More Light on Drake
(London, 1907), which in turn was based on Robert Winter’s June 1579 report, was one source here. However, John Sugden’s
Sir Francis Drake
,
Monson’s Tracts,
J. Calvar Gross’s
La Batalla del Mar Oceáno
, and N. A. M. Rodger’s
Safeguard of the Sea
were my primary sources. Some of these sources relied heavily, in turn, on W. S. W. Vaux,
The World Encompassed
(London, 1628).

Chapter 25. Into the Jaws of Death

I consulted all of the Drake biographies here in order to determine a consensus of the actual events.

Chapter 26. The Famous Voyage

La Batalla del Mar Oceáno
, which is a Spanish Calendar of State Papers, provides illuminating reading, and it was fascinating to see what the Spanish were or were not able to glean about Drake’s circumnavigation. In today’s age we often lose sight of truly historic events accomplished by the grit and determination of one man, and Drake’s circumnavigation—though still appreciated by mariners everywhere—seems somehow not to be earth-shattering in the twenty-first century. I consulted all books relating to the period here, in particular the Drake biographies, Drake’s own account in
The World Encompassed
, and de Herrera’s
Historia General de Mundo
(Madrid, 1606). For reasons that were apparent in the book, this had to remain a secret.

Chapter 27. The World Is Not Enough

I referred to the
Calendar
of Spanish and Domestic State Papers
—Spain
and
Domestic
for the relevant years, but Julian Corbett’s insight from
Drake and the Tudor Navy
, as well as the Drake biographies, made up the core of my research for this chapter. The
La Batalla del Mar Oceáno
also provided further insight.

Chapter 28. Elizabeth Strikes Back in the Levant

I say in this chapter that Elizabeth (as other monarchs in her time and after) held a copy of Niccolò Machiavelli’s
The Prince
and his
Discourses
in her library. These would have both been essential reading for any ruler, and remained in print as Penguin Classics to this day. Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
, S. A. Skilliter’s
Harborne
(London, 1977), and Kenneth Andrews’s
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
provided the core of my research for this chapter, double-checked against their own sources and the State Papers highlighted above.

Chapter 29. Katherine Champernowne’s Sons Take Up the American Dream

When it comes to the early colonization of America, David B. Quinn is the acknowledged expert. His books—
England and the Discovery of America, 1481–1620
(London, 1974),
European Approaches to North America, 1450–1640
(Aldershot, 1998),
Some Spanish Reactions to Elizabethan Colonial Enterprise
(London, 1976),
The First Colonists
(London, 1978),
Ralegh and the British Empire
(London, 1973)—were extremely useful to this and subsequent chapters, with his
Ralegh and the British Empire
being the most widely quoted. Anna Beer’s highly readable
Bess: The Life of Lady Ralegh
(London, 2003) gives an unusual insight into Raleigh, and especially his long-suffering wife. Of course the requisite Calendars and manuscripts also formed part of my
research. In addition, I consulted D. B. Chidsey’s
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Elizabeth’s Racketeer
(New York, 1932), Benjamin Dutton’s
Navigation and Nautical Astronomy
(Annapolis, 1951), Richard Hakluyt’s
Divers Voyages Touching on the Discovery of America
(London, 1598), A. L. Rowland’s
Studies in English Commerce and Exploration
(London, 1924), and J. E. D. Williams’s
From Sails to Satellites, the Origin and Development of Navigational Science
(Oxford, 1992).

Chapter 30. The Defeats of 1582–84

I had previously written about the Dutch Revolt as part of
The Sancy Blood Diamond
, and so much of my background research was based on those sources. In addition, the John Sugden biography
Sir Francis Drake
and Harry Kelsey’s
Sir John Hawkins
proved useful too. Spanish State Papers in
Justicia
908 were also part of my core research.

Chapter 31. Water!

All D. B. Quinn’s works formed my primary research for this chapter, as well as the collection of
The Letters of Sir Walter Ralegh
, Agnes Latham and Joyce Youings (eds.) (London, 2001). Richard Hakluyt’s
Virginia Voyages
(London, 1973) and Derek Wilson’s
Sweet Robin
(London, 1981) were also useful.

Chapter 32. Roanoke

E. G. R. Taylor’s
Writings of the Hakluyts
, 2 vols. (London, 1935); Charles Deane’s (ed.)
Discourse on Western Planting
(London, 1877); R. B. Wernham’s
The Making of Elizabethan Foreign Policy
(Berkeley, 1980); Kenneth Andrews’s
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
; D. B. Quinn’s
Ralegh and the British Empire
; Richard Hakluyt’s
Virginia Voyages
; and Giles Milton’s highly informative and readable
Big Chief Elizabeth
(London, 2000) were all source material for this chapter.