The Parthenon Enigma (70 page)

79.
Discovered by the archaeologist A. Skias in 1897 and identified later that year by Wilhelm Dörpfeld. See Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 112–20; M. Miles, “The Date of the Temple on the Ilissos River,”
Hesperia
49 (1980): 309–25; C. A. Picon, “The Ilissos Temple Reconsidered,”
AJA
32 (1978): 375–424; J.-D. Le Roy,
The Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece
, trans. D. Britt (1770; Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2004); Stuart and Revett,
Antiquities of Athens
, 1: chap. 2.

80.
R. C. T. Parker, “Sacrifice and Battle,” in
War and Violence in Ancient Greece
, ed. H. van Wees (London: Duckworth, 2000), 299, 308–9; M. Jameson, “Sacrifice Before Battle,” in Hanson,
Hoplites
, 209–10.

81.
Herodotos,
Histories
6.117. Xenophon,
Anabasis
3.2.11–12; Aristotle,
Athenian Constitution
58.1; and Plutarch,
Moralia
862, put the number of goats sacrificed at five hundred, while Aristophanes,
Knights
660, places it at a thousand, and Aelian,
Historical Miscellany
2.25, records the number as three hundred. See
IG
II
²
1006.8–9. See Parker,
Polytheism and Society
, 400; Parker,
Athenian Religion
, 153–54. Plutarch,
Moralia
862, mentioning “the solemn procession that the Athenians even at this day send to Agrai, celebrating a feast of thanksgiving to Hekate for their victory.”

82.
J. Papadopoulos, “Always Present, Ever Changing, Never Lost from Human View: The Athenian Acropolis in the 21st Century,”
AJA
17 (2013): 135–40; G. Marginesu,
Gli epistati dell’Acropoli: Edilizia sacra nella città di Pericle, 447/6–433/2
a.C. (Paestum, Italy: Pandemos, 2010); R. Krumeich and C. Witschel, eds.,
Die Akropolis von Athen im Hellenismus und in der römischen Kaiserzeit
(Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2010); E. Greco,
Topografia di Atene: Sviluppo urbano e monumenti dalle origini al III secolo
d.C., vol. 1,
Acropoli, Areopago, Tra Acropoli e Pnice
(Paestum, Italy: Pandemos, 2010).

83.
For the Neolithic Acropolis, see Pantelidou, Άι Προϊστορικάι Αθήναι, 242–43; Hurwit,
Athenian Acropolis
, 67–70; Immerwahr,
Neolithic and Bronze Ages
, 16–17, 48, no. 219; S. A. Immerwahr, “The Earliest Athenian Grave,” in
Studies in Athenian Architecture and Topography Presented to Homer A. Thompson
, Hesperia Supplement 20 (Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1982), 54–62. Hurwit,
Athenian Acropolis
, 67–68, identifies the earliest material found in the area of the Acropolis as a stray find of a Neolithic marble statuette of a corpulent woman (14 centimeters, or 5.5 inches, long and dated 5000–4000
B.C.
) and Middle Neolithic potsherds found in a debris pit on the Acropolis south slope, behind the Stoa of Eumenes II.

84.
For the Bronze Age Acropolis, see Hurwit,
Athenian Acropolis
, 70–84; Pantelidou, Άι Προϊστορικάι Αθήναι, 247–48. At least five Middle Helladic graves (ca. 2050/2000–1550
B.C.
) for children have been found on the Acropolis, and one house dating to the Late Helladic I period.

85.
M. Higgins and R. Higgins,
A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996), 27–29; Parsons, “Klepsydra,” 205; R. Lepsius,
Geologie von Attika
(Berlin: D. Reimer, 1893), 6, 53, plate 1, profile 1; W. Judeich,
Topographie von Athen
(Munich: C. H. Beck, 1931), 43ff., figs. 6–7; Mountjoy,
Mycenaean Athens
, fig. 14; Hurwit,
Athenian Acropolis
, 6–8.

86.
The palace is usually dated to the Late Helladic IIIB period but could be as early as Late Helladic IIIA. See Mountjoy,
Mycenaean Athens
, 22–24, 41–43; Iakovidis,
Late Helladic Citadels on Mainland Greece
, 75, 77–79; Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 57; Camp,
Athenian Agora
, 101–2; Iakovidis,
Mycenaean Acropolis
, 113–1i4.

87.
See Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 52–55, 91, figs. 67, 71; Camp, “Water and the Pelargikon”; Mountjoy,
Mycenaean Athens
, 40–41; Iakovidis,
Mycenaean Acropolis
, 197–221.

88.
Thucydides,
Peloponnesian War
2.17.1; Aristophanes,
Birds
832; and an inscription from Eleusis of fifth-century date (
CIA
IV.2, 27.6;
BCH
4 [1903]: 225, pl.
15) refer to the “Pelargikon walls.” See Harrison,
Primitive Athens as Described by Thucydides
, 25–36; Harrison,
Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens
, 2:537. Herodotos,
Histories
6.137.1 (quoting Hekataios); the Parian Chronicle, line 60; and Pausanias,
Description of Greece
1.28.3, speak of the “Pelasgian Wall.” (The Parian Chronicle says that the Athenians expelled the sons of Peisistratos from the “Pelasgikon teichos.”) For the Pelasgians, see R. L. Fowler, “Pelasgians,” in
Poetry, Theory, Praxis
, ed. E. Csapo and M. Miller (Oxford: Oxbow, 2003), 2–18; Kretschmer, “Pelasger und Etrusker”; J. L. Myers, “A History of the Pelasgian Theory,”
JHS
27 (1907): 170–225; W. Miller, “A History of the Archaeology of Athens,”
AJA
(1893): 485–504; and G. Smoot, “Poetics of Ethnicity in the Homeric
Iliad
,” who argues on the basis of Herodotos and linguistic evidence that the Pelasgians, a population of non-Greek-speaking (or perhaps bilingual) people, may have survived at Athens and elsewhere into the eighth century and even later.

89.
First explored by Kavvadias, then by O. Broneer, “A Mycenaean Fountain House on the Athenian Acropolis,”
Hesperia
8 (1939): 317–433; Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 72–75; Mountjoy,
Mycenaean Athens
, 43–44; Iakovidis,
Mycenaean Acropolis
, 140–44, 239–43; for overview, see Hurwit,
Athenian Acropolis
, 78–79.

90.
Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 72–78.

91.
Ibid., 323–31; Kavvadias and Giannikapani,
North, East, and West Slopes
, 13–18; Parsons, “Klepsydra,” 203; Larson,
Greek Nymphs
, 129.

92.
E. Smithson, “The Prehistoric Klepsydra: Some Notes,” in
Studies in Athenian Architecture and Topography Presented to Homer A. Thompson
, 143–54.

93.
IG
I
³
1063; 475–450
B.C.
(
SEG
10.357); Parsons, “Klepsydra,” 205; Larson,
Greek Nymphs
, 126; B. D. Meritt, “Greek Inscriptions,”
Hesperia
10 (1941): 38, no. 3.

94.
The seventeenth-century antiquarians James Stuart and Nicholas Revett identified the spring with the Klepsydra fountain. They cited the observation of the fifth-century
A.D.
grammarian Hesychios that the Klepsydra was once sacred to the nymph Empedo. See Stuart and Revett,
Antiquities of Athens
, vol. 1, pp. 15–16; Hesychios, app., Test. VI A; cf. VI B and IV.

95.
Camp, “Water and the Pelargikon,” describes how preexisting wells in the area were filled up and put out of use during the late sixth and early fifth centuries. See also Glowacki, “North Slope,” 75.

96.
IG
II
²
2639.

97.
Kavvadias and Giannikapani,
North, East, and West Slopes;
Glowacki, “North Slope”; Pierce, “Sacred Caves,” 54; Goette,
Athens, Attica, and the Megarid
, 54–55.

98.
Pierce, “Sacred Caves,” 44; Wickens, “Archaeology and History of Cave Use.”

99.
Euripides,
Ion
10–45, 492–95.

100.
Ibid., 52–55.

101.
Pausanias,
Description of Greece
7.24.5; Strabo,
Geography
8.7.2.

102.
First excavated by George Kavvadias in 1896–1897. G. Kavvadias, “Topographika Athinon kata tas peri tin Akroplin anaskaphas,”
ArchEph
2 (1897): 1–32; Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 91–95; Glowacki, “North Slope,” 79–90; Wickens, “Archaeology and History of Cave Use,” 2:366–67; C. Tsakos, “Sanctuaries and Cults on the Hill of the Acropolis,” in Koutsadelis,
Dialogues on the Acropolis
, 166–81.

103.
Forty stone plaques, once fixed in these niches, have been recovered and date from the mid-first to the third century
A.D.
They are inscribed to Apollo Hypo Makrais by Athenian magistrates (archons) and secretaries (
grammateis
). See P. E. Nulton,
The Sanctuary of Apollo Hypoakraios and Imperial Athens
(Providence, R.I.: Center for Old World Archaeology and Art, Brown University, 2003).

104.
Strabo,
Geography
9.2.11. Put forward by A. D. Keramopoulos in “Ύπό τα Προπύλαια της Άκροπόλεως,”
ArchDelt
12 (1929): 98–101, but refuted by R. E. Wycherley, “Two Athenian Shrines,”
AJA
63 (1959): 68–72; R. E. Wycherley, “The Pythion at Athens: Thucydides II,15,4; Philostratos, Lives of the Sophists II,1,7,”
AJA
67 (1963):
75–79; J. Tobin, “Some New Thoughts on Herodes Atticus’s Tomb, His Stadium of 143/4, and Philostratus VS 2.550,”
AJA
97 (1993): 87–88; Glowacki, “North Slope.”

105.
Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 417–21; Borgeaud,
Cult of Pan;
C. M. Edwards, “Greek Votive Reliefs to Pan and the Nymphs” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1985).

106.
Wickens, “Archaeology and History of Cave Use”; Pierce, “Sacred Caves”; Borgeaud,
Cult of Pan
.

107.
Olympiadoros,
Life of Plato
1, and the author of the
Anonymous Prolegomena
tell how Plato’s parents laid their infant down near the cave of Pan on Mount Hymettos. Cicero,
Concerning Divination
1.36, and Aelian,
Historical Miscellany
12.45, tell how a swarm of bees gathered on the baby Plato’s lips. Of course, Plato’s given name and the name by which he was called as a child was Aristokles.

108.
I thank Anton Bierl for his translation given here.

109.
IG
I
³
1382 (
SEG
10.27/324) dating to the mid-fifth century says the festival of Eros took place on fourth day of Mounichion. The site was excavated by Kavvadias in the late nineteenth century and by Oscar Broneer from 1931 to 1934 and from 1937 to 1939. Among the finds were a krater by Exekias and many ostraka naming Themistokles, dating to 472/1
B.C.
See Broneer, “Eros and Aphrodite on the North Slope,” 31–55; Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 228–32; Glowacki, “North Slope,” 46–64; R. Rosenzweig,
Worshipping Aphrodite
, 35–40.

110.
Pausanias,
Description of Greece
1.27.3, as identified by Broneer, “Eros and Aphrodite on the North Slope,” 43. But others place the sanctuary of Aphrodite in the Gardens on the banks of the Ilissos River; see Rosenzweig,
Worshipping Aphrodite
.

111.
See K. Glowacki and S. Rotroff, “The ‘Skyphos Sanctuary’ from the North Slope of the Acropolis,” Archaeological Institute of America 106th Annual Meeting Abstract, Boston 2005,
AJA
(2005): session 3G (abstract),
http://aia.archaeological.org/webinfo.php?page=10248&searchtype=abstract&ytable=2005&sessionid=3G&paperid=146
; Glowacki, “North Slope,” 65–78.

112.
O. Broneer and M. Z. Pease, “The Cave on the East Slope of the Acropolis,”
Hesperia
5 (1936): 247, 250. Broneer says the cave was mostly empty (250); M. Z. Pease was able to match some sherds found within it to fragments from atop the Acropolis.

113.
Dontas, “True Aglaurion.” Ancient sources for Aglauros’s sanctuary include Herodotos,
Histories
8.53.2; Pausanias,
Description of Greece
1.18.2; Polyainos,
Strategies
1.21.2. See Hurwit,
Athenian Acropolis
, 101, 136, 204, fig. 8; G. C. R. Schmalz, “The Athenian Prytaneion Discovered?,”
Hesperia
75 (2006): 33–81; N. Oikonomides, “The Athenian Cults of the Three Aglauroi and Their Sanctuaries Below the Acropolis at Athens,”
AncWorld
21 (1990): 11–17.

114.
A. Chaniotis, H. W. Pleket, R. S. Stroud, and J. H. M. Strubbe, “Athens: Decree in Honor of Timokrite, Priestess of Aglauros, 247/6 or 246/5
B.C.
,”
SEG
46. 137 (1996).

115.
Translation: Godley,
Herodotus: Histories
, 49, with minor changes.

116.
Siewert, “Ephebic Oath.”

117.
Translation: Godley,
Herodotus: Histories
, 49, with minor changes.

118.
Scholion on Demosthenes,
On False Embassy
303, 328;
FGrH
105.

119.
Kavvadias and Giannikapani,
South Slope
, 1–2; Hurwit,
Athenian Acropolis
, 67–68; Goette,
Athens, Attica, and the Megarid
, 47–54.

120.
T. Papathanasopoulos,
The Sanctuary and Theater of Dionysos: Monuments on the South Slope of the Acropolis
(Athens: Kardamitsa, 1995); L. Polacco,
Il teatro di Dioniso Eleutereo ad Atene
(Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1990); Kavvadias and Giannikapani,
South Slope
, 20–24.