The Last Empire (86 page)

    
CIS and,
324

    
coup d'état of August 1991 and,
77
,
81–91
,
95–100
,
102–103
,
105
,
108
,
111–112
,
114
,
116–121
,
123
,
124–128
,
130
,
134
,
135
,
145–146
,
148–149
,
159
,
160
,
202

    
in North Caucasus,
362

    
public opinion of,
117–118

    
with restrictions for ethnic minorities,
288

    
in Ukraine,
286–287

Milk,
300

Milošević, Slobodan,
405

Mineral resources,
399

Minsk agreement,
326

MIRVs.
See
Multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles

Missiles

    
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty,
51

    
Cuban Missile Crisis,
6

    
ICBMs,
209

    
MIRVs,
209
,
211

    
tests,
15–17

Mitterand, François,
75
,
112
,
209
,
235
,
240–241

Mlynář, Zdenĕk,
12

Moiseev, Mikhail,
81
,
127
,
135
,
136
,
137–138

Moldova (Moldavia),
50
,
65
,
193

    
CIS and,
360
,
361

    
local nationalism in,
34

    
sovereignty and,
173
,
178

    
Transnistria,
177
,
360
,
361
,
362

    
U.S. and,
382

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939,
xviii
,
34
,
193
,
301
,
369
,
400

Morozov, Kostiantyn,
287–291
,
324

Moscow,
xix

    
coup d'état of August 1991 and,
102–104
,
107–109
,
118–120
,
134
,
139–141
,
142–143

    
food shortage in,
205

Moscow Echo (radio station),
103
,
108
,
115

Moscow Summer Olympics,
6

Most-favored-nation trade status

    
Soviet Union and,
21

    
Ukraine and,
62

Mulroney, Brian,
75
,
79

Multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles (MIRVs),
209
,
211

“Muslim Charter,”
355

Mutalibov, Ayaz,
224
,
357
,
361

    
See also
Azerbaijan

Mutual assured destruction (MAD),
6

Nagornyi Karabakh,
360
,
362

    
cease fire in,
213

    
ethnic clashes in,
33–34
,
213
,
357
,
361

Nairobi,
32

Najibullah, Mohammad,
203

Narodna Rada (People's Council),
165

National Security Council,
xxi

Nationality

    
with mixed ethnicity,
288–289

    
Ukraine military and passport,
289

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
7
,
25
,
339
,
406

Natural gas,
226
,
270
,
297
,
301
,
353

Nazarbayev, Nursultan,
14
,
25
,
44
,
83
,
88
,
215
,
219
,
310–311
,
402

    
Almaty summit and,
363
,
364

    
Belavezha Agreement and,
320
,
321
,
348

    
biography,
350

    
CIS and,
345
,
346–353
,
356

    
coup d'état of August 1991 and,
114

    
economic reform and,
222

    
legacy,
185–186
,
213
,
405

    
with new union treaty,
41
,
163
,
185

    
nuclear arms and,
346
,
348–349

    
political standing,
352

    
sovereignty of Kazakhstan and,
179
,
181
,
182
,
249
,
351

    
“10 + 1” and,
184–185
,
186

    
See also
Kazakhstan

Nazis,
66
,
67
,
192
,
281
,
329

Neto, Agostinho,
8

New York,
32

New Zealand,
210

News media,
215
,
235
,
261
,
266
,
272
,
279
,
292
,
298
,
344
,
347
,
356
,
364

    
censorship of,
98
,
116
,
137

    
coup d'état of August and,
98–99
,
103
,
108
,
113
,
115–116
,
118–119
,
138
,
158
,
161

    
foreign press,
98
,
115–116
,
118
,
161
,
372
,
373–374
,
377

    
radio stations,
103
,
108
,
115
,
118

    
Ukrainian sovereignty and,
263

    
See also
specific news outlets

Nezavisimaia gazeta
(Independent Newspaper),
98
,
171
,
230

Nicholas I (Tsar),
20

Nicholas II (Tsar),
28
,
323
,
338

Niiazov, Saparmurat,
249

Nikolaevich, Boris,
218

Niles, Thomas,
299
,
379

9/11,
xvi

Nixon, Richard,
8
,
63
,
65
,
117
,
290

    
Brezhnev and,
3
,
6
,
51
,
53

Niyazov, Saparmurat,
224
,
352–353

    
See also
Turkmenistan

North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
See
NATO

Nuclear accidents.
See
Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe

Nuclear arsenals,
xix
,
5
,
208
,
290

    
Almaty summit and,
363
,
364
,
371

    
disarmament,
209–211
,
236
,
330
,
363
,
371

    
reductions,
12–13
,
15
,
20–23
,
201

Nuclear briefcases

    
coup d'état of August 1991 and,
81

    
Gorbachev's,
81
,
340
,
368
,
371
,
376
,
377

    
nuclear button and,
371

    
Shaposhnikov and,
340
,
371
,
376

    
Yeltsin and,
340
,
368
,
376
,
377

Nuclear fallout,
16
,
47
,
300–301

Nuclear republics

    
disarmament in,
371

    
treaties,
348

    
See also
Belarus
;
Kazakhstan
;
Russia
;
Ukraine

Nuclear weapons

    
bombs,
5
,
13

    
fallout,
16
,
47
,
300–301

    
Kazakhstan and,
346
,
348–349

    
Kyrgyzstan and,
346

    
MAD doctrine and,
6

    
Petrov and,
7

    
testing,
15–16

    
testing ban,
211

    
See also
Missiles

Nuclear-free republics

    
Almaty summit and,
364
,
371

    
Ukraine as,
265
,
287

Nuremberg war crime trials,
66

Obolensky, A. M.,
185–186

O'Clery, Conor,
386

Odesa,
177
,
282
,
285–286
,
293

Oil,
226
,
270
,
297
,
301

Oliinyk, Borys,
259

Olympic Games,
6

OMON,
50

Openness.
See
Glasnost

Operation Thunder,
116–117
,
119–121
,
123

    
See also
Covert operations

Orange Revolution of 2004,
407

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe,
232

Oslo Accords of 1993,
231

Ossetia,
360

Oswald, Lee Harvey,
369

Palazhchenko, Pavel,
22
,
129
,
237
,
238
,
241
,
251

    
Belavezha Agreement and,
326–327
,
333–335
,
339

    
on Gorbachev's resignation,
373

    
Ukrainian sovereignty and,
259–260
,
268

Palestine,
21
,
231–232
,
237

Panetta, Leon,
263

Pankin, Boris,
203–204
,
207
,
210
,
224
,
262
,
337

    
on Gorbachev,
234
,
236
,
238
,
251

    
at Middle East Peace Conference,
239

    
on new union treaty,
251

    
Yeltsin and,
369

Paris,
32
,
233

Pasternak, Boris,
111

Pavlov, Valentin,
10