The Last Empire (83 page)

Deutsche Bank,
284

Diplomatic service.
See
Foreign Service, Soviet

Dissidents.
See
Antisovetchik
;
Intelligentsia

Dnipropetrovsk clan,
53–54
,
56

    
See also
Brezhnev, Leonid
;
Shcherbytsky, Volodymyr

Doctor Zhivago
(Pasternak),
111

Documents

    
declassified,
xv
,
xxi

    
secret,
369

Donas.
See
Donets Basin

Donbas,
259
,
269
,
282
,
293
,
304
,
401

Donets Basin (Donas),
177

Donetsk region,
176
,
293

Drach, Ivan,
60–61
,
63
,
67

Dudaev, Dzhokhar,
243–245
,
247
,
287
,
288

Dyczok, Marta,
284

Dzerzhinsky, Felix “Iron Felix,”
139–140
,
172

Eastern Europe,
204

Economic aid

    
Germany,
331

    
U.S.,
202–203
,
237
,
329
,
331–332

Economic management, reform of,
30

Economic reform

    
center-republic relations and,
206
,
207
,
215–230
,
238–239

    
difficulties with,
13–14
,
216
,
219–220
,
223
,
238–239
,
341

    
Yeltsin and,
218–220
,
225–226
,
227–230
,
238–239
,
241
,
284

Economy

    
food shortage and dire,
205
,
208
,
214
,
220–221
,
237
,
242
,
340
,
351

    
with state funds emptied,
259
,
270–271

    
U.S.,
331

Egypt,
231

Electoral democracy

    
demonstrations for,
139–143
,
202

    
imperial rule incompatible with,
xviii
,
13–14
,
33
,
394

    
in Russia,
xviii
,
112

Electoral system, reform of,
29
,
33
,
35
,
56

Elena (Yeltsin's elder daughter),
100

Elliott, Iain,
118

Empires

    
Soviet Union as last,
xvii–xviii
,
xx–xxii
,
34
,
40
,
178
,
182
,
185–186
,
393

    
world,
xviii
,
xix
,
6
,
33
,
393
,
402

The End of History and the Last Man
(Fukuyama),
405

Estonia,
45
,
191

    
annexation of,
192

    
population,
244

    
sovereignty and,
174
,
175
,
195
,
197

Ethnic clashes

    
between Azeris and Armenians,
33–34
,
213
,
357
,
361

    
in Kazakhstan,
349–352

    
See also
specific ethnic groups

Ethnicity

    
minorities in Ukraine,
283–286

    
nationality and mixed,
288–289

EU.
See
European Union

Europe

    
Eastern,
204

    
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe,
232

    
See also
specific countries

European Union (EU),
22
,
331

Exchange rate, black-market,
370

Fallout, nuclear,
16
,
47
,
300–301

Famine,
351
,
401

Farming, dairy,
300

Finances.
See
Funds

Fitzwater, Marlin,
379–380

FOIA.
See
Freedom of Information Act

Fokin, Vitold,
163
,
206
,
299
,
305
,
307
,
308

Food

    
dairy farming and,
300

    
famine,
351
,
401

    
nuclear fallout and,
300–301

    
shortage,
205
,
208
,
214
,
220–221
,
242
,
340
,
351

    
U.S. aid and,
237
,
331
,
340

Ford, Gerald R.,
261

Foreign press

    
coup d'état of August 1991 and,
98
,
115–116
,
118
,
161

    
Gorbachev's resignation and,
372
,
373–374
,
377

Foreign Service, Soviet,
32–33
,
270

France,
240

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA),
xxi

French Revolution, Bolsheviks and,
395

Fukuyama, Francis,
405

Funds

    
of Communist Party,
150–151

    
economy and emptied state,
259
,
270–271

G-7.
See
Group of Seven

Gaddafi, Muammar,
128
,
204

Gaidar, Arkadii,
215
,
227
,
228

Gaidar, Timur,
215
,
227

Gaidar, Yegor,
297

    
Belavezha Agreement and,
306
,
307
,
338–339

    
biography,
215–216

    
economic reform and,
215–217
,
218
,
226–228
,
341

Galicia,
280
,
293

Gas, natural

    
in Russia,
226
,
270
,
297
,
301

    
in Turkmenistan,
353

Gates, Robert M.,
42
,
43
,
74
,
78

    
on Baltic sovereignty,
196

    
on Bush, George H. W.,
392

    
on center-republic relations,
211

    
CIA under,
265–266

    
coup d'état of August 1991 and,
104
,
105–106
,
124

    
on Kriuchkov,
87–88

    
on Ukrainian sovereignty,
267

Generalov, Viacheslav,
84

Genscher, Hans-Dietrich,
378

George Bush Presidential Library and Museum,
xv
,
xxi
,
52

Georgia

    
borders,
176
,
177

    
CIS and,
360

    
electoral democracy in,
xviii

    
NATO and,
406

    
Rose Revolution of 2003 and,
406–407

    
sovereignty and,
173
,
175
,
265

    
U.S. and,
382

Germany,
331

Gibbons, Gene,
13

Gingrich, Newt,
55
,
263

Glasnost (openness),
12
,
13
,
56
,
63
,
111

Golden Horde,
257

González, Carmen Romero,
234

González, Felipe,
234–235
,
239–240

Goodman, Walter,
18

Gorbachev, Mikhail

    
Almaty summit and,
344
,
356–357

    
approval rating,
14
,
58
,
134–135
,
138

    
Baker's letter to,
382–383

    
Baltic sovereignty and,
196–198

    
Belavezha Agreement and,
298–299
,
303
,
313–315
,
322–323
,
325–327
,
333–336
,
342–343

    
biography,
11–13
,
27

    
Bush, George H. W., and,
9–10
,
14
,
17–18
,
20–27
,
47–50
,
63–65
,
67
,
73–76
,
78–79
,
92
,
106
,
128–129
,
194–199
,
209–211
,
231–233
,
236–238
,
267–271
,
323
,
334
,
335
,
336
,
342
,
372–374
,
378–383
,
390–391
,
404

    
with Bush-Gorbachev summit,
4
,
9–10
,
13–15
,
17–18
,
20–23

    
Chechnia and,
246–248

    
Cherniaev on,
39–40
,
41
,
128
,
129
,
210–211
,
221
,
243
,
247
,
248
,
250
,
268
,
269
,
327
,
342
,
372
,
373
,
374–375
,
376
,
377–378
,
384
,
385

    
Chernobyl and,
55

    
CIS and,
319–322
,
342–343
,
357–358

    
coup d'état and,
40
,
80–86
,
88–92
,
96
,
97–99
,
100
,
101
,
104
,
105
,
106
,
113
,
114
,
124–130
,
133–134
,
138
,
143
,
147
,
155
,
159
,
235
,
236
,
396

    
critics of,
146–147

    
with electoral democracy,
xviii
,
394

    
ideology revolution and,
204
,
210

    
KGB and,
84
,
135
,
138

    
memoirs,
138–139
,
315
,
384

    
at Middle East Peace Conference,
231–233
,
235–241