The Last Empire (79 page)

13
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1042–1043; Evgenii Shaposhnikov,
Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego
(Moscow, 1993), 136; Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 671–672;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
507; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
366–367; O'Clery,
Moscow,
231–237.

14
. O'Clery,
Moscow,
236–237, 241–247; Andrei Grachev,
Gorbachev. Chelovek
,
kotoryi khotel kak luchshe
(Moscow, 2001), 418; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
671; Cherniaev,
My Years
, 399; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1043.

15
. Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 464.

16
. Nick Burns to Dennis Ross and Thomas Niles, December 23, 1991; “Draft Statement on the Resignation of President Gorbachev,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Chronological Files: December 1991, no. 1. Cf. “Statement on the Resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union,” December 25, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3790&year=1991&month=12
.

17
. Author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
459–460; Nick Burns to Ron McMullen, United States Military Academy, West Point, December 31, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Chronological Files: December 1991, no. 1.

18
. “Address on Gorbachev Resignation,” December 25, 1991, C-SPAN,
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/23549-1>
; Address to the Nation on the Commonwealth of Independent States,” December 25, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3791&year=1991&month=12
.

19
. Author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012.

20
. Address to the Nation on the Commonwealth of Independent States,” December 25, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3791&year=1991&month=12
; From Secstate to all diplomatic and consular posts, “U.S. Policy on Recognition of Former Soviet Republics. Press Guidance,” December 28, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, John A. Gordon Series, Subject Files: Russia, December 1991.

21
. “The President's News Conference,” December 28, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3792&year=1991&month=12
.

22
. James Baker to Mikhail Gorbachev, December 29, 1991, James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 10.

23
. O'Clery,
Moscow,
261–262; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1043–1044; Grachev,
Gorbachev
, 420.

24
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
672; Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
124.

25
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1043–1044.

26
. Ibid., 1042.

27
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
672; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1042–1043; Grachev,
Gorbachev,
417–418.

28
. O'Clery,
Moscow,
266–267.

29
. Iakovlev,
Sumerki,
555.

30
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
671; Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
124; Korzhakov,
El'tsin,
139.

31
. Timothy J. Colton,
Yeltsin: A Life
(New York, 2008), 140–150.

EPILOGUE

1
. State of the Union Address, January 28, 1991, CSPAN,
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/23999-1
.

2
. Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union, January 28, 1992, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3886&year=1992&month=01
.

3
. “Bush and Gorbachev Declare End of Cold War,” History, A&E Television Networks,
History.com
,
www.history.com/speeches/bush-and-gorbachev-declare-end-of-cold-war#bush-and-gorbachev-declare-end-of-cold-war
; Karen Holser, “The First True Post–Cold War Summit,”
Baltimore Sun,
July 28, 1991; “Bush Told Gorbachev to Ignore ‘Crowing' over Cold War Victory,”
Seattle Times,
October 26, 1992.

4
. John R. Young, “In State of Union, President Evokes Spirit of Gulf War,”
Washington Post,
January 29, 1991.

5
. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 559–561; Stephen Kotkin,
Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000
(Oxford, 2001), 185; Robert M. Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How they Won the Cold War
(New York, 1996), 552.

6
. Jack Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union
(New York, 1995), 667–672; “The End of the Cold War, the Collapse of Communism, and the Fall of the Soviet Union,” part 4 of “The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the End of the Cold War: A Diplomat Looks Back,” interview of Jack Matlock by Harry Kreisler, “Conversations with History” series, Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, February 13, 1997,
http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/conversations/Matlock/matlock-con4.html
.

7
. George F. Kennan, “Witness to the Fall,”
New York Review of Books,
November 1995, 7–10, here 7.

8
. Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 1046.

9
. Mark Beissinger, “The Persistent Ambiguity of Empire,”
Post-Soviet Affairs
no. 11 (1995); Mark R. Beissinger, “Rethinking Empire in the Wake of Soviet Collapse,” in
Ethnic Politics and Post-Communism: Theories and Practice
, ed. Zoltan Barany and Robert Moser (Ithaca, NY, 2005), 14–44; S. Becker, “Russia and the Concept of Empire,”
Ab Imperio,
2000, nos. 3–4: 329–342; Terry Martin,
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939
(Ithaca, NY, 2001); Terry Martin, “The Soviet Union as Empire: Salvaging a Dubious Theoretical Category,”
Ab Imperio,
2002, no. 2: 91–105; Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper,
Empires in World History: Power and Politics of Difference
(Princeton, NJ, 2010)
,
chap. 14; Dominic Lieven,
Empire
:
The Russian Empire and Its Rivals
(New Haven, CT, 2002), chap. 9; S. M. Plokhy,
Yalta: The Price of Peace
(New York, 2010), chap. 14.

10
. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
651–657; Evgenii Shaposhnikov,
Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego
(Moscow, 1993), 102.

11
. Petr Aven and Al'fred Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!,” interview with Gennadii Burbulis,
Forbes
(Russian edition), July 22, 2010,
www.forbes.ru/node/53407/print
.

12
. Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 116; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
658; interview with Valentin Varennikov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 2,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/401/
.

13
. Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History,”
National Interest,
Summer 1989; Francis Fukuyama,
The End of History and the Last Man
(New York, 1992).

14
. George Herring,
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
(New York, 2008), 914; C. J. Chivers, “Russia Will Pursue Democracy, but in Its Own Way, Putin Says,”
New York Times,
April 26, 2005.

15
. Edward Lucas,
The New Cold War: Putin's Russia and the Threat to the West
(New York, 2009).

16
. Craig Unger,
American Armageddon: How the Delusions of Neoconservatives and the Christian Right Triggered the Descent of America—and Still Imperil Our Future
(New York, 2007), 115–117; “Iraq War: 190,000 Lives, $2.2 Trillion,” press release, Costs of War Project, Brown University, March 14, 2013,
http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2013/03/warcosts
.

17
. George W. Bush, “Commencement Address at the United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, New York,” June 1, 2002,
http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/speeches/06.01.02.html
; George W. Bush, “Freedom in Iraq and the Middle East: Address at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, D.C.,” November 6, 2003,
http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/speeches/11.06.03.html
.

Index

ABC News,
372
,
373

Abkhazia,
176
,
177
,
360
,
406

Able Archer NATO exercises,
7

Accidents, nuclear.
See
Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe

Adamishin, Anatolii,
195

Afanasenko, Peter,
128

Afanasiev, Yurii,
177–178
,
300

Afghanistan,
6
,
202–203
,
204
,
404
,
407

Africa,
22

Agriculture,
300–301

Aid.
See
Economic aid
;
Humanitarian aid, U.S.
;
Technology

Airlines

    
hijacking,
245

    
KAL, Flight 007,
6

Akayev, Askar,
224
,
345–346

    
See also
Kyrgyzstan

Akhromeev, Sergei,
148–149

Alekseichik, Yakov,
310

Alexander II (Tsar),
395

Almaty (Alma-Ata),
xix

Almaty summit

    
Belarus and,
359–360
,
362–363
,
364

    
breakaway regions and,
360
,
362

    
Central Asian Republics and,
362–363
,
364

    
Cherniaev on,
364–365

    
focus points at,
362–363
,
364

    
Gorbachev and,
344
,
356–357

    
Kazakhstan and,
363
,
364

    
nuclear arsenals and,
363
,
364
,
371

    
participants,
356–357
,
361–362

    
Russia and,
83
,
362–363
,
364

    
Shaposhnikov on,
361–362

    
Ukraine and,
358–359
,
362–364

    
See also
Commonwealth of Independent States

Anastasiia (Gorbachev's granddaughter),
133

Andropov, Yurii,
9
,
12
,
54
,
82
,
86–87
,
92

    
“Uzbek Case” and,
353–354

Anna Karenina
(Tolstoy),
41

Annexation,
192–193

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty,
51

Anti-Semitism,
68

Antisovetchik
(dissidents),
111

“An Appeal to the Peoples of Russia and to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation” (Yeltsin, B.),
229–230

Arafat, Yasser,
204

Archives, presidential,
369

Argumenty i fakty
(Arguments and Facts),
138
,
187

Armenia,
192

    
CIS and,
360

    
electoral democracy in,
xviii

    
Nagornyi Karabakh and,
33–34
,
213
,
357
,
360
,
361
,
362

    
sovereignty and,
173
,
265