The Indian Ocean (79 page)

rulers and trade
102
,
115
,
150
;

ships of
71
,
255
,
258

Maldives
39
,
84–5
,
97
,
112
,
151
,
175
,
261
,
278
;

tourism in
277

Malindi
85
,
86
,
92
,
140

Maluku, Maluku islands
see
spice trade

Mandeville, Sir John
67
,
119–20

Manguin, Pierre-Yves
71

Mapillahs
101
,
126
,
128

Maps
73–5
,
199–200

maritime history
5
,
9–10

Markovits, Claude
219

Marmagao
262

Marsh Arabs
42
,
279

Martin, Esmond Bradley
257

Mascarene islands
see
Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles

Masulipatnam
126
,
164

Matvejevic, Predrag
4
,
10
,
27
,
31

Maugham, Somerset
253
,
254

Mauritius
152
,
156
,
259–60
;

indentured labour in
223–4
;

Indians in
250
,
258
;

tourism in
277

Mecca
192
;

see hajj Medina
[ship]
231

Melaka
82–3
,
94
,
96
,
98
,
101
,
114
,
136
,
148
,
164

merchants
95–6
;

communities
99–101
;

expertise of
95
;

position in port cities
97–9
;

under colonialism
219–20

Mesopotamia
46
,
49–50

Messageries Imperiales
204
,
205

Middleton, John
38
,
78

Mills, J.V.
90–1

Mitchell, David
126–7
,
197

Mocha
132

Mogadishu
75
,
97

Mogul Line
205

Mollat du Jourdain, M
122

Moluccas
see
Malukus

Mombasa
19
,
36
,
92
,
130
,
132
,
137
,
141
;

as colonial port
217
;

see also
Swahili coast

monsoon winds
19–23
,
86–7
;

steamships ignore
206–7

Morocco, influence on Portuguese
125

Moshulu
[barque]
209

movies, Indian
280

Mozambique
20
,
23
,
78
,
86
;

and Portuguese
34
,
120
,
132
,
137
,
138
,
141
,
142
,
177

Mughals
116
;

relations with Dutch and English
149
;

with Portuguese
131

Muhammadi
[ship]
185

Mumbai
145
,
148
,
159–60
,
198
,
262
;

ship building at
218

Murphey, Rhoads
32

Muslims
95
;

attitudes to sea
62–3
;

circulation in Indian Ocean
75–6
;

local rites criticised
161–2
;

merchant communities
100–1
;

rites at sea
107–9
;

on Swahili coast
153–4
;

see also
rectification

Mutapa state
92
,
130

naus
[Portuguese large ships]
134
,
135
,
137
,
138
,
185
;

life on
186–8

navigation, Arab
71–3
;

British
199–200
;

difficulty of
17–18
;

early
56–7

navy, navies
see
strategy

necessities, trade in
see
pedlars

Newby, Eric
208–9

nutmeg
see
spice trade

Oceano
[P&O ship]
209

oil tankers
263

Oman
198
;

see
also Zanzibar

Onor
see
Honavar

opium
195
,
204
,
219

Orana
[ship]
235

Ottoman Turks
114
,
130
,
174

Panikkar, K.M.
113
,
281

Pardesi Muslims
69
,
81
,
98
,
101

Parkin, David
76
,
80

Parks, Fanny
229
,
237

Pathan
[ship]
240

Pearce, Wilfred
234–5

pearls
84
,
162–3
,
271–3

pedlars
7–8
,
50–1
,
55–6
,
85–6
,
102–3
,
162
,
165
,
208
,
251–3

Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company [P&O]
195
,
230–1
;

subsidies
203–4

Penrad, Jean-Claude
28

pepper
see
spice trade

Perak
[ship]
254

Persia, Persians
54
,
78
,
88–9
,
96
,
103
,
130
,
133
,
136

Pfeiffer, Ida
222

pilgrimage, Buddhist
173
;

Christian
173
;

Muslim
see hajj

Pinto, Fernão Mendes
171

piracy
56
,
105–7
,
126–7
,
197–8
;

British and
198–9
;

modern
285–6

Pires, Tomé
18
,
83
,
98
,
164

political elites and trade
101–2
,
104–5
,
123
,
142

pollution
279–80

Polo, Marco
18
,
63
,
70
,
83
,
84
,
89
,
98
,
105–6

Port Blair
255

port cities
30–7
,
91–4
,
97–102
;

attitudes to trade and traders
114–5
,
123
,
142
;

complex markets
159–61
;

and Dutch and English
150
;

influence of inland states on
34–7
;

today
263
,
264
;

see also
individual ports

ports, colonial
211–17
;

compared with earlier ports
217–18
;

see also
individual engineers, ports

Portuguese in Indian Ocean
118
;

aims and policies
120–2
;

changes in
121
;

with China
131–2
;

corruption
141–2
;

cultural influence
139
;

economic effects
132–6
;

evaluation of claims
122–4
;

evaluation of Portuguese in Indian Ocean
137–8
;

as frontier society
125–6
;

success of
127–36

(
see
individual areas);

in Gujarat
133–4
;

immersed in Indian Ocean trade patterns
129
;

in Kerala
135
;

in Malay world
136
;

opium trade
219
;

private Portuguese (
casados
)
137
,
143
,
144
;

reasons for failure
140–4
;

relations with Gujarat
131
;

reputation of
172
;

response to
119
,
124
,
142
;

revenue
121–2
;

search for similar
154
;

in Sri Lanka
136
;

trade of
casados
154
;

violence
142

Prados, Edward
256–7

Prakash, Om
116
,
150

prawns
268
,
270

printing press
139

Ptak, Roderich
83

Pulicat
94
,
136

purification of Islam
see
rectification

Qadiri
see sufis

Qaisar, Ahsan Jan,
188–9

Qawasim 'pirates'198–99

Quanzhou
83
,
89–90

Quilon
98

Rahimi
[ship]
185

rainfall
24

Reade, Julian
3

rectification,
169–70
;

Christian
175
;

Islamic
80–1
,
175–7
,
244–8

Red Sea, navigation in
17–18
,
36–7
,
110
;

early trade in
51
;

winds in
20–1

religion, coastal
39–41
;

see also
Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam

replicas
1
,
265–6

ressac
28

Réunion
152
,
244–5
,
260–1
;

tourism in
277

rites at sea
107–9
;

Christian
178–81
;

Hindu
178–81
;

Muslim
178–81
;

Portuguese
177–8

river ports
see
fluvial ports

river travel
111
,
184
,
202
,
242–3

Roberts, Emma
226–7

Romans, Roman trade
51–2

Round the World racers
265

Royal Navy
191

Rukhkh
107

Safavid Iran
130

St Thomas
59–60

St Expedit
244–5

St Paul and Amsterdam islands
221
,
279

Santa Maria do Monte
[ship]
184

Sayyid Ahmad bin Sumeyt
245

Sayyid Fadl
245

Scindia line
205
,
253

sea, perceptions of
1–2
;

and oceans
4–5

sea levels
24–5

sea travel
see
voyages by sea

Severin, Tim
22
,
67
,
68
,
210
,
265–6

Seychelles
259
,
261

Shaykh Yusuf
176

ships, construction
185
;

crews
185–6
;