The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (102 page)

49
. Robert R. Russel, “What Was the Compromise of 1850?”
JSH
22 (1956): 292–309.

CHAPTER 10. ARMS: 1850–1861

1
. Robert Farrar Capon,
The Parables of Grace
(Grand Rapids, MI, 1988), 19–30.

2
. Charles L. Perdue Jr., Thomas E. Barden, and Robert K. Phillips, eds.,
Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves
(Charlottesville, VA, 1976), 270–273.

3
. S. Wilkes to D. & H., July 11, 1855, R. H. Dickinson Papers, Chicago Historical Society; Sharon Ann Murphy,
Investing in Life: Insurance in Antebellum America
(Baltimore, 2010); Jonathan Levy,
Freaks of Fortune: The Emerging World of Capitalism and Risk in America
(Cambridge, MA, 2012); W. A. Britton Record Book, LLMVC;
NOP
, January 26, 1854; Calvin Schermerhorn,
Money over Mastery: Family over Freedom: Slavery in the Antebellum Upper South
(Baltimore, 2011).

4
. Lulu Wilson, AS, 5.4 (TX), 192.

5
. Frederick Law Olmsted,
The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveler’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States
(New York, 1861); Jonathan D. Wells,
The Origins of the Southern Middle Class, 1800–1861
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2004). Later, Olmsted became America’s most famous landscape architect; he was the creator of Manhattan’s Central Park, among other famous places.

6
. Louis Hughes,
Thirty Years a Slave: The Institution of Slavery as Seen on the Plantation and in the Home of a Planter
(Milwaukee, WI, 1897), 78.

7
. Olmsted,
Cotton Kingdom
, 216–217, 229–230.

8
. “Address Before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society,” September 30, 1859, LINCOLN, 3:471–482.

9
. Olmsted,
Cotton Kingdom
, 278; Robert McCardell,
The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860
(New York, 1979), 122–123; L. Diane Barnes, Brian Schoen, and Frank Towers, eds.,
The Old South’s Modern Worlds: Slavery, Region, and Nation in the Age of Progress
(New York, 2011).

10
. “J.C.N.,” “Future of South,”
DeBow’s Review
2, no. 2 (1851): 132–146, 142; US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau, 1860 Census, vol. 4, 295; J. D. B. DeBow,
Statistical View of the United States, Being a Compendium of the Seventh Census
(Washington, DC, 1854), 190–191.

11
. James L. Huston,
Calculating the Value of Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2003), 26, 30, 32n10; Robert William Fogel,
Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery
(New York, 1989), 85–86; Richard Easterlin, “Interregional Differences in Per Capita Income, Population, and Total Income, 1840–1950,”
Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century
(Princeton, NJ, 1960).

12
. “Southern Manufactures,”
DeBow’s Review
, June 1855, 777–791; “Autaugaville Factory, Alabama,”
DeBow’s Review
, May 1851, 560; Fogel,
Without Consent
, 106–108; Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss,
A Deplorable Scarcity: The Failure of Industrialization in the Slave Economy
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1981).

13
. Aaron Marrs,
Railroads in the Old South: Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society
(Baltimore, 2009), 5; William G. Thomas,
The Iron Way: Railroads, the Civil War, and the Making of Modern America
(New Haven, CT, 2011); Charles C. Bolton,
Poor
Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi
(Durham, NC, 1994); J. Mills Thornton,
Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800–1860
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1978); Lacy K. Ford,
Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1800–1860
(New York, 1988); “A Vagabond’s Tale: Poor Whites, Herrenvolk Democracy, and the Value of Whiteness in the Late Antebellum South,”
JSH
79 (2013): 799–840.

14
. Robert E. Gallman, “The United States Capital Stock in the Nineteenth Century,” in Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds.,
Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth
(Chicago, 1986), 165–214; Richard H. Kilbourne,
Debt, Investment, and Slaves: Credit Relations in East Feliciana Parish, 1825–1885
(Tuscaloosa, AL, 1995), 26–68. Kilbourne shows how factors became middlemen for credit relationships collateralized by enslaved bodies.

15
. Ralph Hidy,
The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 1763–1861
(Cambridge, MA, 1949), 355–450; John Killick, “The Cotton Operations of Alexander Brown and Sons in the Deep South, 1820–1860,”
JSH
43 (1977); Harold D. Woodman,
King Cotton and His Retainers: Financing and Marketing the Cotton Crop of the United States, 1800–1925
(Lexington, KY, 1968), 39; Ballard Account with Nalle, Cox, 1852, Fol. 387, RCB; Pope & Devlin to W. M. Otey, July 4, 1852, Wyche-Otey Papers, SHC.

16
. Bonnie Martin, “Slavery’s Invisible Engine: Mortgaging Human Property,”
JSH
76 (2010): 817–856.

17
. Oscar Zanetti and Alejandro García, et al.,
Sugar and Railroads: A Cuban History, 1837–1959
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Dale W. Tomich,
Through the Prism of Slavery: Labor, Capital, and World Economy
(Lanham, MD, 2004), 75–95; Michael Zeuske and Orlando García Martínez, “La Amistad de Cuba, Ramón Ferrer, Contrabando do Esclavos, Captividad y Modernidad Atlantíca,”
Caribbean Studies
37, no. 1 (2009): 119–187.

18
. Jose Piqueras, ed.,
2009 Trabajo Libre e Coactivo en Sociedades de Plantación
(Madrid, 2009); Tomich,
Prism of Slavery
, 81–83.

19
. Amy Greenberg,
Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire
(Cambridge, UK, 2005), 225–230; Robert E. May, “Lobbyists for Commercial Empire: Jane Cazneau, William Cazneau, and U.S. Caribbean History,”
Pacific Historical Review
48, no. 3 (1979): 383–412; Gregg Lightfoot, “Manifesting Destiny” (PhD diss., Cornell University, 2014); Robert E. May, “Young American Males and Filibustering in the Age of Manifest Destiny: The United States Army as a Cultural Mirror,”
JAH
78 (1991): 857–886; A. D. Mann to L. Keitt, August 24, 1855, Keitt Papers, Duke; Robert E. May,
The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1973), 31–38;
Clarksville
(TN)
Jeffersonian
, January 29, 1853, September 28, 1853; Howard Jones,
Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and Its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy
(New York, 1987).

20
.
Democratic Review
, September 1, 1849, 203; Louis A. Perez Jr.,
Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy
(Athens, GA, 1990); Olmsted,
Cotton Kingdom
, 331–333;
New Orleans Delta
, May 31, 1856; Charles Henry Brown,
Agents of Manifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of the Filibusters
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1980), 41.

21
. Yonathan Eyal,
The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861
(New York, 2007), 159–162; Daniel Rood, “Plantation Technocrats: A Social History of Knowledge in the Slaveholding Atlantic World, 1830–1865” (PhD diss., University of California at Irvine, 2010); Robert E. May, “Reconsidering Antebellum U.S. Women’s History: Gender, Filibustering, and America’s Quest for Empire,”
American Quarterly
57 (2005): 1155–1188; Philip S. Foner,
Business and Slavery: The New York Merchants and the Irrepressible Conflict
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1941); Irving Katz,
August Belmont: A Political Biography
(New York, 1968); Barbara Weiss,
The Hell of the English: Bankruptcy and the 19th-Century Novel
(Lewisburg, PA, 1986), 160.

22
.
Democratic Review
, January 1850, September 1849, 203; Robert E. May,
John Quitman: Old South Crusader
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1985); Christopher J. Olsen,
Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860
(New York, 2000); S. Boyd to RB, April 10, 1850, April 14, 1850, Fol. 150, and April 24, 1850, Fol. 151, RCB.

23
. Brown,
Agents of Manifest Destiny
, 53–54; J. S. Thrasher to D. M. Barringer, July 26, 1852, D. M. Barringer Papers, SHC;
Washington National Intelligencer
, March 5, 1853.

24
.
Arkansas Gazette
, December 16, 1853;
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, October 26, 1853;
Alexandria Gazette
, November 4, 1853; J. F. H. Claiborne, ed.,
Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman
(New York, 1860), 2:206–208.

25
. C. M. Rutherford to RB, February 19, 1853, Fol. 187, RCB; May 18, 1860, Hector Davis Acct. Book, Chicago Historical Society; Bolton Dickens Acct. Book, NYHS; Philip Thomas to Wm. Finney, December 24, 1858, January 12, 1859, November 8, 1859, William Finney Papers, Duke; D. M. Pulliam to L. Scruggs, July 27, 1857, D. M. Pulliam Letters, Duke; Schermerhorn,
Money over Mastery
, 178–180; Michael Tadman,
Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South
(Madison, WI, 1989), 77–79, appx. 2; Laurence J. Kotlikoff, “Quantitative Description of the New Orleans Slave Market,” in William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, eds.,
Without Consent or Contract: Technical Papers
(New York, 1992); Maurie McInnis,
Slaves Waiting for Sale: Abolitionist Art and the American Slave Trade
(Chicago, 2011).

26
. Rects. Sales, 1852, Fol. 384; Memo of Sales, 1855, Fol. 397, RCB.

27
. Joseph K. Menn,
The Large Slaveholders of Louisiana, 1860
(New Orleans, 1964); Wendell Stephenson,
Isaac Franklin: Slave Trader and Planter of the Old South; With Plantation Records
(University, LA, 1938); William K. Scarborough,
Masters of the Big House: Elite Slaveholders of the Mid-Nineteenth-Century South
(Baton Rouge, LA, 2003), 124–135.

28
. James Cobb,
The Most Southern Place of Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity
(New York, 1992), 3–5, 30.

29
. George Young, AS, 6.1 (AL), 432; Scarborough,
Masters of the Big House
, 124–135; Jack Ericson Eblen, “New Estimates of the Vital Rates of the United States Black Population During the Nineteenth Century,”
Demography
11 (1974): 301–319.

30
. Folders 183–196, December 1852–August 1853, RCB.

31
. S. G. Ward to E. Malone, May 24, 1850, Ellis Malone Papers, Duke; Wm. Williams to G. W. Allen, September 12, 1850, G. W. Allen Papers, SHC; J. Ewell to Alice Ewell, February 5, 1861, John Ewell Papers, Duke.