The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (104 page)

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Authors: Edward Baptist

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BOOK: The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism

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80
. Henry David Thoreau, “A Plea for Captain John Brown,” 1859,
www.gutenberg.org/files/2567/2567-h/2567-h.htm
, accessed October 26, 2013.

81
. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, PIC, 403; Nevins,
Ordeal of the Union
, 2:179;
Baltimore Sun
, April 17, 1860; Ph. Thomas to Finney, January 24, 1859, W. Finney Papers, Duke; Freehling,
Road to Disunion
, 2:220–221, 246–287.

82
.
Montgomery Confederation
, April 26, 1860; Robert B. Rhett to William P. Miles, January 29, 1860, Miles Papers, SHC; Thornton,
Politics and Power
, 381–391.

83
.
Wisconsin Daily Patriot
, May 9, 1860;
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, May 9, 1860.

84
. William Hesseltine,
Three Against Lincoln: Murat Halstead Reports the Caucuses of 1860
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1960), 230; Freehling,
Road to Disunion
, 2:318;
Annapolis Gazette
, June 21, 1860.

85
. David Donald,
Lincoln
(New York, 1995); Douglas Wilson,
Honor’s Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln
(New York, 1998); Harry V. Jaffa,
Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates
(Garden City, NJ, 1959); Harry V. Jaffa,
A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the
Coming of the Civil War
(Lanham, MD, 2000); and especially William Lee Miller,
Lincoln’s Virtues: An Ethical Biography
(New York, 2002).

86
. Jon Grinspan, “‘Young Men for War’: The Wide Awakes and Lincoln’s 1860 Presidential Campaign,”
JAH
96 (2009): 357–378; Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 432–447.

87
. Sinha,
Counterrevolution
, 219–220.

88
. Ralph Wooster, “An Analysis of the Membership of Secession Conventions in the Lower South,”
JSH
24, no. 3 (1958): 360–368; Stephanie McCurry,
Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South
(Cambridge, MA, 2010); Wilentz,
Rise of American Democracy
, 768–773, 944n3; Stephen Channing,
Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina
(New York, 1970); William L. Barney,
The Secessionist Impulse: Alabama and Mississippi in 1860
(Princeton, NJ, 1974); Michael P. Johnson,
Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1977); Edward E. Baptist,
Creating an Old South: Middle Florida’s Plantation Frontier Before the Civil War
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Douglas R. Egerton,
Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought the Civil War
(New York, 2010); Shearer Davis Bowman,
At the Precipice: Americans North and South During the Secession Crisis
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2010).

89
. John Forsyth to Stephen Douglas, December 28, 1860, in Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
, 246. Charles B. Dew, in
Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War
(Charlottesville, VA, 2001), explains the “states’ rights” revisionists’ argument and then demolishes it by demonstrating that the conventions’ message was that by electing Lincoln, “revolutionary” Republicans had signaled that they planned to destroy slavery and white supremacy. See also David Blight,
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
(Cambridge, MA, 2003), for the roots of reinterpretation of secession’s causes.

90
. Dew,
Apostles of Disunion
, 56–58, 85. “Equality,” etc., is from address of William Harris, Commissioner from Mississippi, to Georgia General Assembly, December 17, 1860.

91
. Daniel W. Crofts,
Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1989); Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 508–510.

92
. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 528–533.

93
. Potter,
Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis
(New Haven, CT, 1942).

94
. Lincoln to James T. Hale, January 11, 1861, LINCOLN 4:172.

95
. Thoreau, “Plea for Captain Brown.” One Confederate soldier would be killed after the fort surrendered, while setting off celebratory cannon salutes.

AFTERWORD. THE CORPSE: 1861–1937

1
. Delia Garlic, AS, 6.1, (AL), 129.

2
. Sven Beckert, “‘Emancipation and Empire’: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production in the Age of the American Civil War,”
AHR
109 (2004): 1405–1438; Gabriel Baer, “Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Egypt,”
Journal of African History
8, no. 3 (1967): 426.

3
. Vermont Investors to Sec’y of the Treasury, February 3, 1862,
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
(Freedom and Southern History Project, University of Maryland, 1985–2013), ser. 1, vol. 3, 124–151; E. S. Philbrick to a Massachusetts Businessman, April 12, 1862, FSSP, ser. 1, vol. 3, 182–187; HQ 2 Brigade SC Expeditionary Corps to Supt. Contrabands at Beaufort, SC, April 4, 1862, FSSP, 1/3, 180–181.

4
. E. S. Philbrick to MA businessman, April 12, 1862, FSSP, ser. 1, vol. 3, 182–187; R. Saxton, Military Govr., Gnl. Order #12, December 20, 1862, FSSP, 1/3, 222–224; E. S. Philbrick to Direct-tax Commissioner for SC, January 14, 1864, FSSP, 1/3, 278–279.

5
. James Oakes,
Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865
(New York, 2013), emphasizes the Republican Party’s commitment to a national ideal of emancipation.

6
. Frederick Douglass, “Should the Negro Enlist in the U.S. Army,” speech delivered July 6, 1863.

7
. Dep. of Felo Battee, May 29, 1865, in Thomas Hamilton, #255536, and Andre Dupree, #492774, both Record Group 15, Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, National Archives, Washington, DC.

8
. Abram Blue, #131.901, #946.653, Record Group 15, Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, National Archives, Washington, DC; cf. Nancy Bercaw,
Gendered Freedoms: Race, Rights, and the Politics of Household in the Delta, 1861–1875
(Gainesville, FL, 2003).

9
. This, plus a long slow decline in agricultural commodity prices after 1870, helped to ensure that for many people, sharecropping became a kind of debt peonage that eventually trapped three consecutive generations of African Americans in the cotton country in extraordinary poverty. See Gavin Wright,
Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy After the Civil War
(New York, 1986).

10
. Laura Free,
Gendering the Constitution: Manhood, Race, Woman Suffrage, and the Fourteenth Amendment
(Philadelphia, 2014).

11
. Harry Bates,
Cotton: History, Species, Varieties, Morphology, Breeding, Culture, Diseases, Marketing, and Uses
(New York, 1927), 151–152, 323; Warren C. Whatley, “Southern Agrarian Labor Contracts as Impediments to Cotton Mechanization,”
Journal of Economic History
47, no. 1 (1987): 45–70; William L. Shea and Edwin Pelz, “A German Prisoner of War in the South: The Memoir of Edwin Pelz,”
Arkansas Historical Quarterly
44, no. 1 (1985): 42–55, esp. 52–53; Steven Hahn,
A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
(Cambridge, MA, 2003), 424–425; David Blight,
Race and Reunion: The Civil War and American Memory
(Cambridge, MA, 2003).

12
. It would be impossible to list all of the great works on the post–Civil War history of the South, but these two paragraphs build above all on traditions of scholarship that include the following: W. E. B. DuBois,
The Souls of Black Folk
(Chicago, 1903); W. E. B. DuBois,
Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward the Part Which Black Folks Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
(New York, 1935); C. Vann Woodward,
Origins of the New South, 1877–1913
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1951); Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
(New York, 1988); Edward L. Ayers,
The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction
(New York, 1992); Glenda Gilmore,
Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1996); David Cecelski and Timothy Tyson, eds.,
Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Laura F. Edwards,
Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction
(Urbana, IL, 1998); Gregory Downs,
Declarations of Dependence: The Long Reconstruction of Popular Politics in the South, 1861–1908
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2011).

13
. Bill Cooke, “The Denial of Slavery in Management Studies,” Paper No. 68, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester,
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/30566/1/dpo20068.pdf
, accessed December 18, 2013.

14
. Ira Katznelson,
Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time
(New York, 2013). Among many excellent works on lynching, see Crystal Feimster,
Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching
(Cambridge, MA, 2009); Mari Nagasue Crabtree, “The Devil Is Watching You: Lynching and Southern Memory, 1940–1970” (PhD diss., Cornell University, 2014).

15
. Susie King, AS, 2.4 (AR), 213; Charles L. Perdue Jr., Thomas E. Barden, and Robert K. Phillips, eds.,
Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves
(Charlottesville, VA, 1976), esp. 151–154.

INDEX