The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (97 page)

39
. McKay W. Campbell to James K. Polk, November 23, 1833, JKP, 2:136–138; A. O. Harris to James K. Polk, November 16, 1833, JKP, 2:131–132.

40
. Jesse Cage to William Cotton, August 27, 1839, Fol. 28, RCB.

41
. IF to RB, September 27, 1834, Fol. 15, RCB; cf. Walter Johnson,
Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market
(Cambridge, MA, 1999).

42
. Daniel Kahneman,
Thinking, Fast and Slow
(New York, 2011); Dan Ariely,
Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions
(New York, 2008); Geoffrey Miller,
Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior
(New York, 2009), 106–111.

43
. Annette Gordon-Reed,
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy
(Charlottesville, VA, 1997); Jan Lewis and Peter Onuf, eds.,
Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture
(Charlottesville, VA, 1999); “Bawdy Poem,” n.d. [1820s–1830s], Fol. 10, Young Allen Papers, SHC.

44
. Bryan Edwards, “The Sable Venus: An Ode,” from his
Poems, Written Chiefly in the West-Indies
(Kingston, 1792); cf. Regulus Allen, “The Sable Venus and Desire for the Undesirable,”
Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900
51, no. 3 (2011).

45
. Trevor Burnard, “The Sexual Life of an Eighteenth-Century Jamaican Slave Overseer,” in Merril D. Smith, ed.
Sex and Sexuality in Early America
(New York, 1998), 163–189, esp. 173.

46
. Cf. Patricia Cline Cohen,
The Murder of Helen Jewett: The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York
(New York, 1998); Karen Halttunen,
Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830–1870
(New Haven, CT, 1982).

47
. Harriet Jacobs,
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself
(Boston, 1861); Calvin Schermerhorn,
Money over Mastery, Family over Freedom: Slavery in the Antebellum Upper South
(Baltimore, 2011).

48
. Drew Gilpin Faust,
James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1982).

49
. Henry C. Knight,
Letters from the South and West
(Boston, 1824), 127; NR, 29 (November 5, 1825), 160; Tregle,
Louisiana in the Age of Jackson
, 37.

50
. IF to RB, November 14, 1831, December 10, 14, 1831, Fol. 3; IF to RB, January 9, 1832, Fol. 4; IF to RB, February 10, 1832, Fol. 5; IF and James Franklin to RB, April 24, 1832, Fol. 6; IF and James Franklin to RB, June 9, 1832, Fol. 7; IF to RB, October 26, 1831, Fol. 2; Samuel Franklin to RB, June 1, 1831, Fol. 1; IF to RB, May 31, 1831, Fol. 1; John Armfield to RB, July 23, 1831, August 15, 1831, Fol. 2, RCB. Biddle: H.R. 460, 22nd Cong., 1st sess., 316–317; Catterall,
Second Bank
, 143n2, cf. 502–508; Richard H. Kilbourne,
Slave Agriculture and Financial Markets in Antebellum America: The Bank of the United States in Mississippi, 1831–1852
(London, 2006), 28–32.

51
. IF to RB, December 8, 1832, Fol. 8; IF to RB, January 29, 1833, Fol. 10; C. M. Rutherford to RB, December 23, 1832, Fol. 9; IF to RB, June 8, 1832, Fol. 7; IF to RB, June 9, 1832, Fol. 7; IF to RB, June 11, 1833, Fol. 11, RCB.

52
. Ethan A. Andrews,
Slavery and the Domestic Slave-Trade in the United States
(Boston, 1836), 136; E. S. Abdy,
Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States
(London, 1835), 2:179–180; Wendell Stephenson,
Isaac Franklin: Slave Trader and Planter of the Old South; With Plantation Records
(University, LA, 1938), 29–30; J. W. Ingraham,
The South-West, by a Yankee
(New York, 1836), 2:245; RB to Franklin & Co., September 7, 1832, Fol. 7, RCB; Ariela J. Gross,
Double Character: Slavery and Mastery in the Antebellum Courtroom
(Princeton, NJ, 2000), 57.

53
. IF to RB, January 11, 1834, Fol. 13, RCB.

54
.
Norfolk Democrat
, December 1, 1848; William Bowditch,
Slavery and the Constitution
(Boston, 1849), 89; Henry Clarke Wright,
American Slavery Proved to Be Robbery and Theft
(Edinburgh, 1845), 21;
Farmers’ Gazette
, March 6, 1835.

55
. Andrews,
Domestic Slave-Trade
, 166; ASAI, 16; Ronald Walters, “The Erotic South: Civilization and Sexuality in American Abolitionism,”
American Quarterly
25, no. 2 (1973): 177–201; Elizabeth Clark, “‘The Sacred Rights of the Weak’: Pain, Sympathy and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America,”
JAH
82 (1995): 463–493; Carol Lasser, “Voyeuristic Abolitionism: Sex, Gender, and the Transformation of Antislavery Rhetoric,”
JER
28, no. 1 (2008): 83–114; Gregory Smithers, “American Abolitionism and Slave-Breeding Discourse: A Re-Evaluation,”
Slavery and Abolition
33, no. 4 (2012): 551–570; IF to RB, November 1, 1833, Fol. 12; IF to RB, January 11, 1834, Fol. 13; J. Franklin to RB, March 7, 1834, Fol. 13, RCB.

56
. Wood, “One Woman So Dangerous”; Johnson,
Soul by Soul
, 114; IF to RB, January 11, 1834, Fol. 13; Sam Wakefield to RB, August 16, 1836, Fol. 17; Bacon Tait to RB, August 13, 1839, Fol. 28, RCB.

57
. R. B. Beverley to W. B. Beverley, July 2, 1842, Sec. 46, Beverley Papers, VHS; Nancy Bieller to Jacob Bieller, August 16, 1836; Jacob Bieller Will, December 8, 1834;
Bieller v. Bieller
notes, BIELLER; Robt. Hairston to G. Hairston, April 13, 1852; P. Hairston to G. Hairston, June 8, 1852, Fol. 2, George Hairston Papers, SHC; Jas. Hairston to P. W. Hairston, May 13, 1852, vol. 9, P. W. Hairston Papers, SHC; Henry Wiencek,
The Hairstons: An American Family in Black and White
(New York, 1999).

58
. Louisa Picquet and Hiram Mattison,
Louisa Picquet, The Octoroon: Or, Inside Views of Southern Domestic Life
(New York, 1861), 10–19; N. E. Benson to E. Benson, May 3, 1837, Benson-Thompson Papers, Duke.

59
. IF to RB, January 9, 1832, Fol. 4; C. M. Rutherford to RB, February 19, 1853, Fol. 187, RCB; Philip Thomas to Finney, July 24, 1859; P. Thomas to Jack, November 26, 1859, William Finney Papers, Duke.

60
. Jas. Franklin to RB, March 27, 1832, Fol. 5, RCB.

61
. Moses Alexander to Wm. Graham, July 8, 1836,
Papers of William Graham
(Raleigh, NC, 1957–1992), 1:432–435. Discussions of “animal spirits” in the economy have usually left out sex, from Charles Mackay,
Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
(London, 1852), all the way to John K. Galbraith,
A Short History of Financial Euphoria
(New York, 1993), and beyond.

62
. Undated note, Fol. 1824, A. P. Walsh Papers, LLMVC.

63
. Irene Neu, “J. B. Moussier and the Property Banks of Louisiana,”
Business History Review
35, no. 4 (1961): 550–557; Redlich,
Molding of American Banking
, 1:206–207; Earl S. Sparks,
History and Theory of Agricultural Credit in the United States
(New York, 1932), 6.

64
.
New Orleans Argus
, February 26, 1828.

65
. George Green,
Finance and Economic Development in the Old South: Louisiana Banking, 1804–1861
(Palo Alto, CA, 1972), 113–117; Lavergne à Manuel Andry, September 14, 1828, Fol. 1A/1; Interr. Oliver Morgan with John R. Dewitt, March 19, 1829; J. DeWitt application, March 24, 1829, Fol. 1A/4; Mortgage Book, vol. 68, CAPL Papers, LLMVC.

66
. “Slaves’ Deaths on Ste. Sophie, October 1824–March 1829,” Ste. Sophie / Live Oak Records, Tulane.

67
. Robert Carson to Henderson Forsyth, December 3, 1836, John Forsyth Papers, Duke;
Natchez Gazette
, October 20, 1830; Miles,
Jacksonian Democracy
, 24; James Silver, “Land Speculation Profits in the Chickasaw Cession,”
JSH
10 (1944): 84–92.

68
. Wilentz,
Rise of American Democracy
, 364, 874–875n13; Catterall,
Second Bank
, 243–286;
Baltimore Patriot
, July 12, 1831;
New York American
, July 10, 1819; Frank Otto Gathell and John McFaul, “The Outcast Insider: Reuben Whitney and the Bank War,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
91 (1967): 115–144; Frank Otto Gathell, “Sober Second Thoughts on Van Buren, the Albany Regency, and Wall Street,”
JAH
53 (1966): 19–40.

69
. Biddle to Thomas Cadwalader, July 3, 1832,
Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle
, 192–193; Samuel Smith to Jackson, June 17, 1832, CAJ, 4:449.

70
. Donald B. Cole,
A Jackson Man: Amos Kendall and the Rise of American Democracy
(Baton Rouge, LA, 2004).

71
. John Anderson to Polk, January 25, 1833, JKP, 2:47–49; Jackson’s Veto Message,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ajvet001.asp
, accessed May 3, 2012.

72
. Biddle to William G. Bucknor, July 13, 1832,
Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle
, 195; Martin Van Buren,
The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren
, ed. John Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC, 1920), 625; Remini,
Andrew Jackson and American Freedom
, 2:366; Daniel Walker Howe,
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
(New York, 2007); William Lee Miller,
Lincoln’s Virtues: An Ethical Biography
(New York, 2002).

73
. Biddle to Henry Clay, August 1, 1832,
Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle
, 196–197.

74
. Baptist,
Creating an Old South;
J. Mills Thornton,
Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800–1860
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1978); Harry L. Watson,
Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America
(New York, 1990).

75
. Jackson to Polk, August 31, 1833, JKP, 2:106–107.

76
. Pet banks increased from seven to thirty-five between 1833 and 1836: Frank Otto Gathell, “Spoils of the Bank War: Political Bias in the Selection of the Pet Banks,”
AHR
70 (1964): 35–58; Harry N. Scheiber, “Pet Banks in Jacksonian Economy and Finance, 1833–1841,”
Journal of Economic History
23 (1963): 196–214; Miles,
Jacksonian Democracy
, 74–75; Peter Temin,
The Jacksonian Economy
(New York, 1969), 73–76; US Congress, House of Representatives, “Condition of Banks, 1840,” 26th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Doc. 111 (Serial 385), 1441; D. W. Jordan to Emily Jordan, August 3, 1833, and D. W. Jordan to Richard Evans, October 15, 1833, D. W. Jordan Papers, Duke; IF and J. Franklin to RB, October 29, 1833, Fol. 11; IF to RB, November 5, 1833, Fol. 12, RCB; Knight to William Beall, February 8, 1834, John Knight Papers, Duke; Green,
Finance and Economic Development
, 90–94.

77
. Thomas Govan,
Nicholas Biddle: Nationalist and Public Banker, 1786–1844
(Chicago, 1959), 253; Howe,
What Hath God Wrought
, 391n61; IF to RB, February 7, 1834; James Franklin to RB, Fol. 13, RCB; S. S. Prentiss to Mother, March 23, 1834, in George L. Prentiss,
A Memoir of S. S. Prentiss
(New York, 1856), 1:139.