The German War (103 page)

210 and 437; Nowak,

138–48, 152–7, 164 and 171.

52

   Mertens,

21 and 388; Süß,

127–51; Griech-Polelle,

78–9; Stephenson,

236 and 257; Kershaw,

332–3.

53

   Zahn,

83–7; Nowak,

173.

54

   Kershaw,

341–55.

55

   Ibid., 349–57.

56

   Brodie, ‘For Christ and Germany’, 108–17, citing LNRW.AW

SD report, 20 Aug. 1941; Hosenfeld,

530–1: 17–19 Sept. 1941; MfK–FA, 3.2002.0211, Hans Albring to Eugen Altrogge, 14 Sept. 1941.

57

   Kuropka (ed.),

545; Brodie, ‘For Christ and Germany’, 114–21, citing LNRW.AW, ‘NSDAP Kreis- und Ortsgruppenleitungen, 125’, 15 Aug. and 14 Nov. 1941; LNRW.AW, ‘Gauleitung Westfalen-Nord, Hauptleitung’, 11 Nov. 1941; Winter,

159; Redemann (ed.),

295.

58

   Kershaw,

2, 428; Nowak,

173–4; Süß,

311–14.

59

   Faulstich, ‘Die Zahl der “Euthanasie”-Opfer’; Burleigh,

242; Sandner,

607–25; Winter,

118–54; Roer and Henkel (eds),

58–120.

60

   Sick,

73; Schmidt,

118–19; Sandner,

457, 488–505, 595–6 and 642–3.

61

   Schmidt von Blittersdorf et al., ‘Die Geschichte der Anstalt Hadamar’, in Roer and Henkel (eds),

58–120, here 112.

62

   Lutz, ‘Eine “reichlich einsichtslose Tochter”’; in George et al. (eds),

293–304; case of Maria M., LWV-Archiv, Kassel, K12/2581.

63

   Lutz, ‘Eine “reichlich einsichtslose Tochter”’; for other cases of children, see Stargardt,

chapter 3.

6
German Crusade

1

   MfK–FA, 3.2002.7209, Helmut Paulus to parents, 27 June 1942; and diary, 24 June 1941.

2

   MfK–FA, 3.2002.7209, Helmut Paulus, diary, 24 June 1941;

4 (1983), 470–6; Graser,

on comradeship and ‘primary groups’, see Shils and Janowitz, ‘Cohesion and disintegration’, 12/2, 280–315; Kühne,

3

   Overy,

70, 110–11; Domarus (ed.),

1726–32; Kershaw,

2, 386–7; Wette, ‘Die propagandistische Begleitmusik’, in Ueberschär and Wette (eds),

111–29.

4

   Klemperer,

1, 475–6: 22 June 1941.

5

   MfK–FA, 3.2002.7209, Erna and Irmgard to Helmut Paulus, 21 and 29 June, 30 July and 9 Aug. 1941.

6

2426–8: 23 June 1941; Wantzen,

407: 22–23 June 1941.

7

   Wantzen,

400–5: 20–21 June 1941; Goebbels,

I/9, 336–7 and 387: 12 and 19 June 1941; Kershaw,

2, 386.

8

   For a survey, see Ueberschär and Bezymenskij (eds),

9

   Wilhelm Düwell,

28 Aug. 1914; cited in Goltz,

16; Stargardt,

10

   Brodie, ‘For Christ and Germany’, 113 and 123–4; Kershaw,

356; although the SD was deeply involved in the conflict, see also its assessments:

2517–19, and 2822–4: 14 July and 29 Sept. 1941; Löffler (ed.),

2, 850–1, 863, 883 and 901–2: 13 and 20 July, 3 Aug. and 14 Sept. 1941.

11

2472–4, 2507 and 2704: 3, 7 and 14 July 1941. ‘Wilden’, ‘Untermenschen’, ‘Zuchthäusler’.

12

   Krausnick et al. (eds),

512–13; Schuhmacher, ‘Nazi Germany and the morality of war’, citing BA–MA, RW 2/148, 335–81.

13

   MfK–FA, 3.2008.2195, Manfred von Plotho to wife: 30 June 1941.

14

   Schuhmacher, ‘Nazi Germany and the morality of war’;

5 and 8 July 1941;

5 July 1941;

7 and 14 July 1941.

15

   Raschhofer,

66;

no. 567 (16 July 1941);

7, 2564: 24 July 1941.

16

   MfK–FA, 3.2002.0211, Albring to Altrogge, 8 July 1941.

17

   Ibid., Albring to Altrogge, 5, 8, 12 July and 4 Aug. 1941; Bistumsarchiv Münster, Abt. 101 Sekretariat des Generalvikars, A 101–1, 92–3, diocesan pastoral letter, 15 Oct. 1941.

18

   MfK–FA, 3.2002.0211, Albring to Altrogge, 30–31 Aug. 1941.

19

   BA–MA, MSg 2/13904: Friedrich Farnbacher, ‘Persönliches Kriegstagebuch des Hauptmanns der Reserve Friedrich Farnbacher, Panzer-Artillerie-Regiment 103 (seit 12. Jan. 1945 Kommandeur II./Pz. Art. Rgt. 103), für die Zeit vom 22. Juni 1941 bis 8. Mai 1945’: 20 July 1941, 470.

20

   Römer,

Farnbacher, ‘Persönliches Kriegstagebuch’, 20 July 1941, 471–6.

21

   Ibid.; BA–MA, MSg 2/13904, Farnbacher, ‘Persönliches Kriegstagebuch’, 20 July 1941, 471–6.

22

   BA–MA, MSg 2/13904, Farnbacher, ‘Persönliches Kriegstagebuch’, 2 July and 13 Aug. 1941, 349–50 and 681; Hartmann,

259.

23

   MfK–FA, 3.2002.0211, Albring to Altrogge, 28 Oct. 1941.

24

   On shortage of military chaplains to provide spiritual guidance, Bergen (ed.),

Böll,

MfK–FA, 3.2002.0211, Albring to Altrogge, 1 Jan. and 21 Mar. 1942.

25

   Ebert (ed.),

20–22, 136.

26

   Eiber (ed.), ‘“. . . Ein bisschen die Wahrheit”: Briefe eines Bremer Kaufmanns’: Nr 9 HG to Hannah, 7 Sept. 1941, 4–5 July and 7 Aug. 1941; Schneider,

27

   Eiber (ed.), ‘“. . . Ein bisschen die Wahrheit”’, 79–81: 8 Oct. 1941.

28

   Ibid., 76, 7 Sept. 1941, Nr 9;

No. 567 (16 July 1941);

7, 2564: 24 July 1941.

29

   Eiber (ed.), ‘“. . . Ein bisschen die Wahrheit”’, 74, 81–3: 22 Aug. 1941, 25 Oct. and 18 Nov. 1941.

30

   The most famous collection of letters used to show that German soldiers approved of the murder of the Jews is Manoschek (ed.),

which contains 103 anti-Semitic letters, about 20 per cent of which mention the murder of the Jews; cited widely in Friedländer,

They were taken from the Sterz Collection at the Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte in Stuttgart, which contained 50,000 soldiers’ letters at that time. One of the major problems of working on this collection, however, is that the letters are not organised by correspondent but by date, and are onesided: hence, the development of the relationships at the centre of any correspondence cannot be evaluated: Humburg, ‘Feldpostbriefe aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg’; Latzel,

201–4; also Müller,

194–229; MfK–FA, 3.2002.7209, Paulus to parents, 4 Sept. 1942 and 28 June 1941.

31

   Latzel, ‘Tourismus und Gewalt’, in Heer and Neumann (eds),

447–59; Haydn,

123–5: 19 Dec. 1942; Hilberg,

188; Diewerge (ed.),

38, cited in Weinberg,

473.

32

   Hürter,

62: letter, 21 June 1941.

33

   Hartmann,

271–8.

34

   Jefim Gechtman, ‘Riga’, in Grossman and Ehrenburg (eds),

684; Mühlhäuser,

74–86.

35

   Longerich,

179–205; Wildt,

578–91; Dieckman, ‘The war and the killing of the Lithuanian Jews’, in Herbert,

242–6; Klee et al. (eds),

27–37 and 46–58.

36

   Longerich,

206–39; Klee et al. (eds),

54–7.

37

   Chiari,

Dean,

2000; on the First World War precedent, see Kramer and Horne,

Hartmann,

160–72.

38

   Klee et al. (eds),

138–54.

39

   Noakes and Pridham (eds),

3, 495.

40

   Hürter,

579, and Pohl,

261; Ueberschär and Wette,

339 ff.; Guderian issued the order to the 2nd Panzer Army on 6 Nov. 1941, and it took a further five to seven days to reach its divisions: Hartmann,

10 and 316.

41

   Glantz,

Glantz,

293.

42

   Reinhardt,

41–2.

43

   Bock,

255: 22 Aug. 1941; Hartmann,

281–4; Hartmann,

285; Hürter,

302–10; Wallach,

1986, 265–81.

44

   Hammer and Nieden (eds),

242–4: Robert R., diary, 21 Aug. 1941.

45

   Hammer and Nieden (eds),

242–4: Robert R., diary, 21 Aug. 1941.

46

   Ibid., 246–7: Robert R., diary, 28 Aug. 1941.

47

   Ibid., 244–5: Robert R. to Maria, 23 Aug. 1941.

48

   Ebert (ed.),

159–60: Wilhelm to Erika Moldenhauer, 14 Sept. 1941.

49

   Ibid., 161–2: Wilhelm to Erika Moldenhauer, 17 Sept. 1941.