The Black History of the White House (69 page)

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Washington Post.
13 May 1992.

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25 August 2009.

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Page, Thomas Walker. “The Real Judge Lynch.”
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December 1901.

Paynter, John. “The Fugitives of the
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”
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Pierce, Paulette. “The Roots of the Rainbow Coalition.”
The Black Scholar.
March/April 1988.

Pinckney, Warren Jr. “Jazz in India: Perspectives on Historical Development and Musical Acculturation.”
Asian Music.
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Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association, 2006.

Robinson, Eugene. “An Inarticulate Kickoff.”
Washington Post.
2 February 2007.

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Philadelphia Inquirer.
23 September 2005.

———. “Despite Criticism, President's House Project Advances.”
Philadelphia Inquirer.
10 October 2009.

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10 July 2002.

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15 February 2007.

“Savannah Remembers Him.”
News and Courier
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Scheips, P. J. “Lincoln and the Chiriqui Colonization Project.”
Journal of Negro History,
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Schudel, Matt. “Top Jazz Students Play Big Number: 1600 Penn.”
Washington Post.
16 June 2009.

Shear, Michael D. “ ‘Conservative Values' Guide Court Appointee.”
Washington Post.
5 May 2003.

Shipman, Tim. “Sarah Palin Blamed by the US Secret Service Over Death Threats Against Barack Obama.”
The Telegraph
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Slobodzian, Joseph A. “Independence Mall Slavery Memorial Gets Federal Funding.”
Philadelphia Inquirer.
6 September 2005.

Smolenyak Smolenyak, Megan. “Philip Reed, the Slave Who Rescued Freedom.”
Ancestry.
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“SNCC Position Paper: Vietnam.” In
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CNN.
2 May 2008.

Spottwood, Stephen G. “The Nixon Administration's Anti-Negro Policy.” In
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Steinhem, Gloria. “Women Are Never Front-Runners.”
New York Times.
8 January 2008.

Swarns, Rachel L. “Madison and the White House, Through the Memoir of a Slave.”
New York Times.
16 August 2009.

Swarns, Rachel L. and Jodi Kantor. “In First Lady's Roots, a Complex Path From Slavery,”
New York Times.
7 October 2009.

“Taft Condemns Lynching: President Says Man That Pulls the Rope Should Hang by the Rope.”
New York Times.
10 April 1912.

“Taft Deplores Lynching: The Remedy, He Tells The Times, Is Better Enforcement of the Law.”
New York Times.
27 June 1912.

“Tells His Story in a Modest Way.”
Afro-American-Ledger.
28 September 1901.

Thamel, Pete. “Coach With a Link to Obama Has Hope for Brown's Future.”
New York Times.
16 February 2007.

“This Week in Black History.”
Jet.
4 July 1983.

Thomas, Edward. “Edwin [sic] M. Thomas to A. Lincoln, August 16, 1862.”
Lincoln Collection,
Vol. 84. ff. 17718–17719.

Thomas, Robert. “Lillian Parks, 100, Dies; Had ‘Backstairs' White House View.”
New York Times.
12 November 1997.

Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. “Willis Conover Is Dead at 75; Aimed Jazz at the Soviet Bloc.”
New York Times.
19 May 1996.

Vittes, Laurence. “The Power and the Passion.”
Strings Magazine,
January 2009.

Vorenberg, Michael. “Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Black Colonization.”
Journal of Abraham Lincoln Association,
Vol. 14, Issue 2, Summer 1993.

Wallsten, Peter. “Frank Talk of Obama and Race in Virginia.”
Los Angeles Times.
5 October 2008.

Wallsten, Peter and David G. Savage. “Conservatives Invoke Obama in Voting Rights Act Challenge.”
Los Angeles Times.
18 March 2009.

Warren, Jack D. Jr. “Uncle George's Cabin.”
Free Lance-Star
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Washington, Linn Jr. “Park Service Compromises Black Rights.”
Philadelphia Inquirer.
7 May 2002.

Watrous, Peter. “Jazz at the White House: A Metaphor for Democracy (and a Help to the Boss).”
New York Times.
21 September 1998.

Weissman, Stephen R. “Opening the Secret Files on Lumumba's Murder.”
Washington Post.
21 July 2002.

Wells, Ida B. “Lynch Law.” In Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, Irvine Garland Penn, and Ferdinand L. Barnett.
The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition.
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Journal of Negro History.
January 1919.

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Washington Post.
9 June 1991.

———. “What Obama's Victory Means for Racial Politics.”
Wall Street Journal.
10 November 2008.

Wilkins, Sharron E. “The President's Kitchen.”
American Visions.
February–March 1995.

Younge, Gary. “Is Obama Black Enough?”
Guardian.
1 March 2007.

Zoninsein, Manuela. “The Black President.”
Slate.
30 September 2008.

Studies and Reports

Chapman, Michael. “TR: No Friend of the Constitution.”
Cato Policy Report.
November-December 2002.

Public Law 108-72. SEC. 6. Sense of Congress Regarding Jazz Appreciation Month.

Robinson, Michelle LaVaughn.
Princeton Educated Blacks and the Black Community,
B.A. Thesis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1985.

United States Senate. “Commemoration of A Musical Master.”
Congressional Record,
S. 10152. 22 July 1992.

The White House & President's Park: Administrative History, 1781–1983.
Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, 2001.

Websites

About Famous People.
www.aboutfamouspeople.com
.

Ad-Hoc Historians.
www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/adhoc/position.htm
.

Afri-Classical.com Web.
http://chevalierdesaintgeorges.homestead.com/JohnsonF.html
.

African American Registry.
www.aaregistry.com/detail.php?id=1232
.

Afrolumens Project.
www.afrolumens.org/slavery/gradual.html
.

American Almanac.
http://american_almanac.tripod.com/amistad.htm
.

American Entertainment International Speakers Bureau. 2009.
www.aeispeakers.com/print.php?SpeakerID=461
.

The American Presidency Project.
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=22360
.

Ancestry Magazine.
www.ancestrymagazine.com
.

Architect of the Capitol.
www.aoc.gov/cc/art/freedom.cfm
.

Autism Research Institute.
www.autism.com/families/problems/savant.htm
.

Avenging the Ancestors Coalition.
http://avengingtheancestors.com/index.htm
.

The Black Past.
www.blackpast.org
.

Bloomberg.
www.bloomberg.com
.

British Broadcasting Company.
http://news.bbc.co.uk
.

CNN.
http://us.cnn.com
.

Common Dreams.
www.commondreams.org
.

Counterpunch.
www.counterpunch.org
.

Exploring Pennsylvanian History.
http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=280
.

Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.
www.trumanlibrary.org
.

History Central.
www.historycentral.com/amistad/amistad.html
.

Huffington Post.
www.huffingtonpost.com
.

Institute for Historical Review.
www.ihr.com
.

James Madison's Montpelier.
http://Montpelier.org/blog/?cat=8
.

Kennedy Center.
www.kennedy-center.org
.

The Myrtle Hart Society.
http://myrtlehart.org/content/view/275/5
.

Narcosphere.
http://narcosphere.narconews.com
. The Nation.
www.thenation.com/blogs
.

The New Yorker.
www.newyorker.com
.

Pew Research Center.
http://pewresearch.org
.

Project Vote. Web.
www.projectvote.org
.

Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
www.pbs.org
.

The Public Eye.
http://publiceye.org
.

Slate.
www.slate.com/id/87868
.

Slavery in the North.
www.slavenorth.com
. Talking Points Memo.
http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com
.

Think Progress.
http://thinkprogress.org/2006/03/10/claude-allen
.

U.S. History.
www.history.org
.

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.
www.uniaacl.org/archive/declare.htm
.

White House Historical Association.
www.whitehousehistory.org
.

abducted people, Franklin & Armfield (impact),
105

Abell, Bess,
339

abolition (occurrence), Lincoln (impact),
214–215

abolitionist center (Philadelphia),
84–85

abolitionist movement

President's house, relationship,
77

roots,
91–92

abolitionists

Jackson battle,
149–150

mail (usage), Kendall ban,
150

abolition movement

aggressiveness,
145

assistance, pre-Civil War presidents (reluctance),
26–27

Adams, John,
25
,
63

British soldier defense,
50

slavery, repugnance,
51

White House resident,
129

Adams, John Quincy

Amistad
argument,
153–154

antislavery advocate,
140

slave ownership, avoidance,
145

slavery question, avoidance,
151

Adams, Sherman,
273

Morrow memos,
274–275

Ad-Hoc Historians,
100–101

formation,
99

affirmative action

cessation, conservative attempts,
451

Nixon initiation,
312–313

Powell support,
327

Reagan reversal,
317

Rice, softness,
328

African Americans

carpenters, racism (experience),
418–419

death, Jackson (impact),
150

elections, seating preventions,
243

equality, denial,
234

land, U.S. government broken promises,
470

legal slavery,
132

Lincoln

interaction,
183

meeting,
185–186

policies/viewpoints,
181

political relations,
214–215

White House, relationship,
198–215

lynching,
244–258

music discrimination,
260–263

New Deal benefits, blockage,
255–256

organizing/breakthroughs,
299–300

positioning, importance,
478–479

re-enslavement,
237

school children, photograph,
239

sentiments, Douglass speech,
201–202

slavery escape,
185

Social Security exclusion,
255–256

urbanization, increase,
301

African Blood Brotherhood,
352

African Methodist Episcopal Church

founding,
95

Turner participation,
189

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, Clinton reform,
324–325

Alabama, slave state admission,
146

Albright, Madeleine,
327
,
344

Alexander Jr., Clifford,
310
,
315

Ali, Muhammad,
304

Allen, Carlos,
297

Allen, Claude,
330–331

Allen, Eugene (White House pantryman/butler/maître d'hôtel),
270

Allen, Richard,
95

Jones, differences,
96

Allicocke, Joseph,
48–49

Sons of Liberty “general,”
49

All Other Persons,
66–75

blacks reference,
70

All the President's Men
(Bernstein/Woodward),
313

Almeida, Juan (Cuba coup leader),
291

al Qaeda/Iraq, Bush administration linkage,
431

Amato, John,
448

American Colonization Society (ACS),
94

colonization plans, rejection,
190

conference (1855),
184

formation,
148

Monroe support,
148

American Federation of Labor (AFL), Supreme Court nomination opposition,
253

American Negro Slave Revolts
(Aptheker),
62

American politics, manipulative nature,
408

American Revolution

alternative voices,
26

Boston Massacre, impact,
49

racism/white racial hegemony, impact,
24–25

regime rebuff,
47–48

slavery cessation, failure,
50–56

American Society for Colonizing Free People of Color in the United States,
148

American Society of Muslims,
419–420

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), violation,
102

Amistad

Adams argument,
153–154

black rebellion/seizure,
153–154

slaves, Van Buren detention plans,
154

Anderson, Marian

Daughters of the American Revolution rejection,
264

photograph,
264

racist attacks, continuation,
264–265

Roosevelt support,
263–264

Angelou, Maya,
321

Ann and Mary
(Somerset passage),
53

Anthony, Susan B. (Wells battle),
245

anti-lynching bill inaction, U.S. Senate apology (2005),
257–258

Anti-Lynching Bureau of the National African Council,
247

anti-lynching campaigns,
244–258

continuation,
257–258

anti-Muslim opposition,
459–460

anti-slavery petitions, mailings (gag rule prevention),
151–152

Aptheker, Herbert,
62
,
148

Arizona anti-immigration law (SB 1070), passage/judicial suspension,
460–461

armed revolutionary movement, Southern leaders (connection),
25

Armstrong, Louis,
334

Arnebeck, Bob,
107
,
113

capital construction research,
118–119

White House worker assertion,
116

Arsenio Hall Show,
Clinton jazz performance,
343

Arthur, Chester A.

abolition support,
238

anti-racist agenda, avoidance,
240–241

Douglass opinion,
240

Articles of Confederation,
64–66

Article IV, slavery concern,
65–66

debate,
65

drafting,
64–65

tone/content/purpose, struggle,
55–56

writing/signing, black presence,
48

Asians, organizing/breakthroughs,
299–300

Assassinations Records Review Board,
281

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL),
248

Assumption Act,
88

Atlanta Compromise,
223
,
241

Atlanta Constitution,
222

Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition, Washington speech,
223–224
,
241

Attucks, Christopher “Crispus,”
49–50

Atwater, Lee,
311–312

Avenging the Ancestors Coalition (ATAC),
100–102

Coard response,
101–102

Ayers, Bill,
447

Ayler, Albert,
338

 

Bacchus (slave), escape,
54

Bachman, Michelle,
453

tea party defense,
466–467

Backstrom, Fred,
284

Bai, Matt,
450–451

Baker, Bernard (Watergate burglar),
313

Baker, David,
344

Baker, Frazier B. (murder),
246

Bakke
decision.
See Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Ballad of Blind Tom, The
(O'Connell),
159–160

Banna Ka (slave),
120

Banneker, Benjamin,
112
,
119–123

Almanac, illustration,
124

death,
124

Ellicott, relationship,
120–121
,
124

fame, growth,
124

letter/criticism,
123

Banneker, Mary/Robert,
120

Baraka, Amiri,
338
,
396

Barbour, Haley,
459

Barnett, Ferdinand L.,
246

Barnett, Ross (Kennedy deal),
283

Barrett, Harrison,
359

Basie, Count,
342
,
384

Bassett Jr., Burnwell,
45

Battle of Manassas, The
(Wiggins),
165

Battle of Wilson's Creek,
176

Baumfree, Isabella,
209

Beall, William,
117

Beck, Glenn,
380

fear/paranoia, spread,
454

power/influence,
474–475

Beeman, Richard,
69–70

Begin, Menachem,
265

Behind the Scenes or Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House
(Keckly),
171
,
178–179

condemnation/criticism,
179

Belafonte, Harry (youth march organization),
276–277

Belcher, Cornell,
441–442

Bell, Daniel,
136

Bell, John,
166–167

Ben (White House black carpenter),
104
,
108

Benezet, Anthony

black children instruction,
92

slavery institution criticism,
92–93

Bennett Jr., Lerone,
27
,
96
,
181
,
197

Lincoln examination,
212

speculations,
208–209

Benson, Romona Riscoe,
100

Bernstein, Carl,
313

Berry, Mary Francis,
359

Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (1794), establishment,
96

Bethune, James,
159–160

Corner Store,
161–162

Bethune, Mary McCleod,
268

Biden, Joe,
463

bin Laden, Osama (capture/assassination failure),
430

Birch, James,
105

Birchtown, free black community,
80

birther movement (birthers),
380

Obama references,
453

Birth of Nation

movie still,
251

Wilson viewing,
250–251

“Black, Brown, and Beige” (Ellington),
334

Black Agents of the Secret Service (BASS)

class action lawsuit,
292–293

ruling, dismissal,
295

Writ of Mandamus (2004),
292–294

black Americans, anger,
479–480

“Black Consciousness” (SNCC paper),
306

black Democratic/Republican candidates,
365

Black Farmers and Agriculturalists Association (BFAA),
471

Black History, Ethnic Studies (relationship),
20–21

Black House, establishment,
356–357

black liberation

theology, vernacular (usage),
444–445

women liberation, Truth linkage,
209–210

Blackmon, Douglas A.,
236–237

Black Panthers (Black Panther Party for Self- Defense),
279
,
304
,
310
,
388

Chicago branch, COINTELPRO target,
420

march,
388

police raid,
420

revolutionary doctrine, advocacy,
388

Black Patti Troubadours,
263

Black Pioneers (Liberty to Slaves motto),
80

black politics

initiative, seizing (1980),
318–319

negation, Obama leadership (relationship),
480

black power, call/desire,
279

Black Power Movement,
381–382

black presidents, popular imagination,
404–412

Black Reconstruction in America: 1660-1880
(Du Bois),
240
,
416–417

blacks

activism,
85–87

activists, government repression/attacks,
280

capitalism, Nixon (impact),
313

carpenters, White house ban,
109

cause, Lincoln White House (impact),
27

civil rights extension, white reaction (aggressiveness/violence),
287

codes, enforcement,
235

colonization, Lincoln advocacy,
203–204

communities, civil rights issues,
301

concerns, Obama administration response,
376

contrabands, photograph,
177

cooks, U.S. president (relationship),
83–85

demeaning, Roosevelt (writing/speeches),
226

discredit/destruction, COINTELPRO goal,
290

emigration,
188

movements,
189

equality, movement (intensification),
304

exclusion, codification,
221

expatriation

advocacy,
184

Monroe support,
148

farmers (assistance denial), racism (impact),
469–470

farm organizations, number (increase),
470–471

freedom movement,
298–317

general strike (Du Bois),
26–27

history, future,
32–34

leaders, government repression/attacks,
280

mobilization (1960s),
279

mob violence deaths,
247

nationalist organizations, demands,
280

newspapers, development,
95

opera performers, Roosevelt support,
263

organizations, FBI destruction/neutralization attempts,
309