The Black Death in London (40 page)

422  
TNA E 42/447; CHW,Vol. 2, 90.

423  
CCR, 1422–27, 211; TNA SC 6/917/16.

424  
At 95 per cent confidence rating. The cemetery went out of use in 1539 so the burial dates to between 1402 and 1539.

425  
Gilchrist and Sloane 2005, Chapter 8.

426  
Bolton 1996, 27; Naphy and Spicer 2004, 34.

427  
Megson 1998, 133.

428  
CHW,Vol. 1, 608.

429  
Horrox 1994, 88; Gransden 1957, 277.

430  
Exceptions are Bridbury 1973, 584; Röhrkasten 2001.

431  
Cohn 2003, 197; Giles 1845, 173.

432  
Fitch 1979.

433  
Röhrkasten 2001, 196, implying approximately 10 per cent mortality during the plague.

434  
CHW,Vol. 2, 109, 115, 131; Fitch 1979, 398, 424.

435  
Ormrod 1996, 150.

436  
CAN, nos 538–44.

437  
CLB G, 226.

438  
CLB G, 228.

439  
CLB G, 230.

440  
CLB G, 229. I thank Dr Claire Martin for the explanation of this type of guardianship.

441  
CPR, Ed III, Vol. 14, 272.

442  
CHW, Vol. 2, 117, 122; Fitch 1979, 178.

443  
CAD, Vol. 2, A 1927.

444  
Duncan nd, book 25.

445  
CPMR, Vol. 2, A13, 84–95.

446  
CHW, Vol. 2, 112, 129.

447  
Röhrkasten 2001, 192.

448  
CHW, Vol. 2, 125, transcribed by Dr Jeremy Ashbee.

449  
CHW, Vol. 2, 120; CPMR, A14, m2.

450  
Davis 1993, 56; BL MS Nero E vi, fo 4d.

451  
Horrox 1994, 88.

452  
Röhrkasten 2001, 198.

453  
CHW, Vol. 2, 171, 173, 187.

454  
Röhrkasten 2001, 198.

455  
CHW, Vol. 2, 174.

456  
CPMR, Vol. 2, A21, m5.

457  
Röhrkasten 2001, 198.

458  
CHW, Vol. 2, 175, 181.

459  
John de Norwich does not appear in lists of masters of the hospital in the Victoria County History, or as updated by Barron and Davies. He first appears in 1354 when his estate was ratified by the king (CPR, Ed III, Vol. 10, 74), so he must have replaced William Weston in 1352 or 1353, and his successor was recognised in 1376 (CAD,Vol. 2, A 2334); therefore, he ran the hospital for over twenty-two years.

460  
CPR, Ed III, Vol. 16, 159.

461  
Horrox 1994, 120.

462  
CPMR, Vol. 2, 199.

463  
CHW, Vol. 2, 225; Harvey 1993, 76.v.

464  
Röhrkasten 2001, 199–200.

465  
Riley 1868, 384.

466  
Röhrkasten 2001, 199–200.

467  
1377 London and Middlesex Poll Tax: Fenwick 2001 (pt 2), 61–2; Southwark: Carlin 1996, 142–3; Westminster: Rosser 1989, 162; adult population estimates for London: Russell 1948, 285–7.

468  
Nightingale 1995, 239.

469  
Hanawalt 2007, 27–8; Carlin 1996, 139; Megson 1996, 25; Gottfried 1980, 9; Goldberg 1990, 212–3.

470  
Nightingale 1995, 208.

471  
Holt 1987, 205–6.

472  
Dunn 2003, 33.

473  
Gooder 1998, 40–3;VCH Oxford 4, 3–73.

474  
Martin 1996, 105.

475  
Keene 1990, 30–8.

476  
O’Connor 1993, 63, 101–2; Schofield 1995, 55; Carlin 1996, 46–7; Rosser 1989, 68–73.

477  
Ormrod 1996; Braid in prep; Haddock and Kielsing 2002.

478  
Riley 1861, 4.

479  
Riley 1861, 29.

480  
Cohn 2002, 38–9; Thrupp 1996, 201–6.

481  
Hovland 2006, 174.

482  
Hovland 2006, 81: the sums rose again to 6
s
6
d
in 1418.

483  
Hovland 2006, 51, 136.

484  
Braid in prep.

485  
Hovland 2006, 229, 239.

486  
Badham 2000, 232.

487  
Blackmore and Pearce 2010, 20.

488  
Riley 1868, 267; CLBF, 241.

489  
Horrox 1994, 131–4.

490  
Riley 1868, 319; Ipswich had one: Twiss 1873, 164–5.

491  
CLBF, 208; CHW, Vol. 2, 114.

492  
CLBG, 78, 169, 192, 295; Riley 1861, 508.

493  
Rushton 2002.

494  
See Chapter 3.

495  
For London dormitories, see, for example, Schofield and Lea 2005, 125; Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 92; for hospital and infirmary halls, see, for example, Orme and Webster 1995, 90–1; Prescott 1992, 38–41.

496  
Miller and Saxby 2007, 86–7, 126; Harvey and Oeppen 2001, 222.

497  
Harvey and Oeppen 2001, 227–30, 233.

498  
Weetman 2004, 143, 146, 173, chart 4c; CHW, Vol. 2, 18, 39, 106.

499  
CCRC, 61.

500  
Thompson 1965, 186.

501  
Barron 1985; Weetman 2004, 171.

502  
Calculated from an analysis of the Husting wills by the author.

503  
Barron 1985, 25.

504  
CHW, Vol. 1, 482, 637; Vol. 2, 106, 147, 218.

505  
Riley 1868, 230, 365, 384, 388.

506  
Rawcliffe 2006, 282–3.

507  
Rawcliffe 2006, 109.

508  
Rawcliffe 2006, 13–47.

509  
Carlin 1996, 103–4.

510  
CLB K, 124–6; CCR 40–270.

511  
Thompson 1965, 185.

512  
CHW, Vol. 2, 283.

513  
CHW, Vols 1 and 2; this cannot take account of the missing roll for 1360.

514  
Weetman 2004, 232.

515  
Harding 1992, 126.

516  
CHW, Vol. 2, 187.

517  
Wood-Legh 1932, 50; Kreider 1979, 72; Rousseau 2003, 27–30; Boldrick 1997, 26.

518  
Weetman 2004, 89–104; CHW, Vol. 1, 665.

519  
Gilchrist and Sloane 2005, 94; Gilchrist 2008.

520  
There are a number of works which summarise the debates, including Theilmann and Cate, 2007, and especially Nutton 2008.

521  
Benedictow 2004, Chapter 3: a flea biting an infected rat develops a plug of multiplying bacteria blocking its stomach. Starving, it regurgitates parts of the bacterial block as it tries to feed, introducing the disease into the bloodstream of its host. As starving fleas transfer to new rat hosts, the colony suffers an epizootic. As the rats die, the fleas are forced to attack new hosts including humans, introducing the plague to them.