The Black Death in London (38 page)

226  
CPR, Ed III, Vol. 8, 309, 332.

227  
CPR, Ed III, Vol. 8, 305.

228  
CLB F, 192.

229  
CLB F, 192; Horrox 1994, 287–9.

230  
CLB F, 192.

231  
CPMR, Vol. 1, A6, m1b.

232  
CLB G, ix.

233  
CHW, Vol. 1, 608, 610; Vol. 2, 80.

234  
CHW, Vol. 1, 607.

235  
CHW, Vol. 1, 607–8.

236  
CHW, Vol. 1, 600, 602.

237  
CPR, Ed III, Vol. 8, 347, 354.

238  
CPR, Ed III, Vol. 8, 388, 355.

239  
Ormrod 1989, 856.

240  
TNA SC 2/191/61 m20–24d.

241  
CHW, Vol. 1, 641.

242  
Riley 1868, 244–7.

243  
CPR, Ed III, Vol. 8, 389.

244  
CHW, Vol. 1, 567; CLB F, 193.

245  
CLB F, 216; CHW, Vol. 1, 596.

246  
CPMR, Vol. 1, A6, m2; CLB F, 199.

247  
CPMR, Vol. 1, A6, m2b. This had a happy ending since on 13 April 1372, ‘Juliana, daughter of John Sellyng, acknowledged a loan of £3 2s 4d from John Lytlyngton, to be repaid out of 100s rents assigned to her by William de Stoke, tailor, that amount being in the latter’s keeping as her guardian’ (CPMR, Vol. 2, A17, m4b).

248  
CHW, Vol. 1, 512, 524; CLB G, 57. De Northerne could not be found, so his properties and goods were seized.

249  
CLB F, 207; CHW, Vol. 1, 535, 616.

250  
Horrox 1994, 72.

251  
CIPM, Ed III, Vol. 9, 302.

252  
CPL, Vol. 3, 327.

253  
Naphy and Spicer (2004, 32), following Gottfried (1983, 64), claim that 290 deaths per day were recorded between June and September 1349, but no basis for this figure has been found.

254  
Horrox 1994, 153–4.

255  
CPL, Vol. 3, 42.

256  
CHW, Vol. 1, ix: the court was suspended for harvest time, and this clearly included the whole of August and September each year.

257  
CHW, Vol. 1, 608–9, 611, 614, 618.

258  
CHW, Vol. 1, 616; CPR, Ed III, Vol. 8, 455.

259  
CLB F, 110.

260  
Röhrkasten 2001, 189.

261  
CLPA, nos 66–68.

262  
CLPA, no 57.

263  
CHW, Vol. 1, 555, 572, 621–2.

264  
Luard 1866, 412.

265  
CLB F, 199.

266  
CPMR, Vol. 1, A6, m3b.

267  
CLB F, 199.

268  
CPR, Ed III, Vol. 8, 459; CLB F, 210.

269  
Horrox 1994, 118.

270  
CHW, Vol. 1, 626.

271  
CHW, Vol. 1, 625. Richard survived until 1363 but his little sister is not mentioned in his will (CHW, Vol. 2, 77).

272  
TNA E 101/472, translated and summarised by Dr Jeremy Ashbee.

273  
St Paul’s by 1345, Salisbury Cathedral by February 1349 and Hereford by July 1349: CPL, Vol. 3, 184, 293, 319.

274  
Sharpe 1885, 9.

275  
Riley 1868, 251–2. De Hethe was apparently afterwards imprisoned for impersonating the Pope’s secretary. Though pardoned in 1352 by the king, he was again accused of impersonation four years later, his role this time that of a canon of Hereford Cathedral (Parry 1912, 244).

276  
TNA E 40/2645; CPR, Ed III, Vol. 8, 484.

277  
Platt 1997 (3rd imp.), 6.

278  
The averaged figure is consistent with the results from the
pestis secunda
, where the average from seven individuals (about 5 per cent of the sample) indicates death at a point 27 per cent of the way through the same period.

279  
I am very grateful to Penny Tucker for sharing her analysis of the Husting court sessions with me.

280  
TNA CP 40. I am very grateful to Graham Dawson for sharing his preliminary evidence with me.

281  
Barber and Thomas 2002, 12–13; Museum of London Archaeology Service unpublished evaluation report site code GLY01.

282  
Grainger et al. 2008, 12.

283  
The provision of age and sex to any individual skeleton is not 100 per cent certain (e.g. Chamberlain 2006); demographic data are derived from the Centre for Human Bioarchaeology database at the Museum of London and have been grouped into cohorts and matched to archaeological evidence by the author as part of a study on medieval monastic cemeteries:
http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/archive/cemeteries_ahrb_2005/index. cfm?CFID=31460&CFTOKEN=63267820

284  
S.N. DeWitte, 2007 (data from 490 specimens generously supplied by DeWitte and converted into age/sex categories as used in Table 3a/3b).

285  
Grainger et al. 2008, 33.

286  
Hatcher 1986, 31.

287  
Grainger et al. 2008, 55.

288  
CLB G, 15.

289  
See, for example, Gottfried 1980, 9: London’s tax returns for 1377 indicate a ratio of men to women of 1.07:1.

290  
Hollingsworth and Hollingsworth 1971; though this is not true of all episodes of plague analysed: see S. Ell 1985.

291  
Lomas 1989, 130.

292  
Laurent 1937, nos 730–865.

293  
Evans in prep; the burials were dated, by dendrochronology of the remarkably well-preserved coffins, to 1349 in several instances.

294  
For a discussion of this issue, see Gilchrist and Sloane 2005, Chapter 5.2.

295  
Gilchrist and Sloane 2005, Table 7.

296  
Hawkins 1990, 641, for putrefaction; Gilchrist and Sloane 2005, Chapter 5.2; Gilchrist 2008, 144–7.

297  
Gilchrist and Sloane 2005, 102.

298  
Horrox 1994, 31–2.

299  
Dohar 1995, 39.

300  
Lütgert 2000, 258.

301  
Horrox 1994, 268–9.

302  
C. Thomas, personal communication.

303  
Ziegler 1969 (1997 edn), 124; Naphy and Spicer 2004, 31; Olea and Christakos 2005, 299–300.

304  
Britnell 1994, 198–9; Röhrkasten 2004, 77.

305  
See Nightingale 2005, 40–1.

306  
Megson 1998.

307  
Hovland 2006, 208–9.

308  
Hennessey, 1898. I have also included evidence from the Husting wills which augments Hennessey’s original work.

309  
CPP, 234, 395.

310  
CPP, 468.

311  
St John Hope, 25, 7–8; Kingsford 1908, II, 81–2.

312  
TNA E 328/6.

313  
Hawkins 1990, 642.

314  
CLB G, 85.

315  
Riley 1868, 264–5.

316  
VCH Middx 5, 49–55.

317  
Karlsson 1996, 271, quoting
lslandske Annaler indtil 1578.