Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (Un)Making of Terrorists (80 page)

28
  S. Begley (2008), “Coddling Human Guinea Pigs.”
Newsweek,
August 9, www.newsweek.com/id/151756.

29
  R. Lifton (2000),
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide.
New York: Basic Books.

30
  S. Atran (2007), “Research Police: How a University IRB Thwarts Understanding of Terrorism.”
Institutional Review Blog,
May 28. www.institutionalreviewblog.com/2007/05/scott-atran-research-police-how.html.

31
  O. Nasiri (2006),
Inside Jihad: My Life with Al Qaeda.
New York: Perseus Books.

CHAPTER 17: ALL IN THE FAMILY

  1
  Cited in R. Wright (2000),
Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny.
New York: Random House, p. 208.

  2
  C. Lévi-Straus (1966),
The Savage Mind.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  3
  M. Brewer (1979), “Ingroup Bias in the Minimal Situation: A Cognitive-Motivational Analysis,”
Psychological Bulletin
86:307–24; T. Ostrom and C. Sedkides (1992), “The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect in Natural and Minimal Groups.”
Psychological Bulletin
112:536–52.

  4
  S. Fiske (2002), “What We Know About Bias and Intergroup Conflict, the Problem of the Century.”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
11:123–28.

  5
  Y. Jah, Sister Shah’keyah (1995),
Uprising: Crips and Bloods Tell the Story of America’s Youth in the Crossfire.
New York: Scribner.

  6
  F. Manjoo (2008),
True Enough: Learning to Live in a Post-fact Society.
New York: Wiley.

  7
  S. Bowles (2006), “Group Competition, Reproductive Leveling, and the Evolution of Human Altruism.”
Science
314:1569–72, supporting online materials.

  8
  L. Keeley (1996),
War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage.
New York: Oxford University Press; S. LeBlanc and K. Register (2003),
Constant Battles: The Myth of the Peaceful, Noble Savage.
London: St. Martin’s Press.

  9
  S. Bowles (2006). “Parochial Altruism.”
Science
314:1569–72.

10
  C. Darwin (1958),
The Voyage of the
Beagle. New York: Bantam.

11
  C. Darwin (1859),
On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
London: John Murray, p. 210.

12
  C. Moskos (1980), “Surviving the War in Vietnam.” In C. Figley and S. Leventman (eds.),
Stranger at Home: Vietnam Veterans Since the War.
New York: Praeger.

13
  C. Darwin (1871),
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.
London: John Murray, pp. 163–65.

14
  Ibid., p. 166.

15
  A. R. Wallace (1899),
Darwinism.
London: Macmillan, pp. 475–76.

16
  C. Darwin (1903),
More Letters of Charles Darwin.
London: John Murray, vol. 2, p. 39.

17
  W. Hamilton (1964), “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour.”
Journal of Theoretical Biology
7:1–52.

18
  R. Dawkins (1976),
The Selfish Gene.
New York: Oxford University Press.

19
  S. Atran (1985), “Managing Arab Kinship and Marriage.”
Social Science Information
24:659–96.

20
  J. Tooby and L. Cosmides (1989), “Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, part I, Theoretical Considerations.”
Ethology and Sociobiology
10:29–49.

21
  R. Nesse (1999), “The Evolution of Commitment and the Origins of Religion.”
Science and Spirit
10:32–33, 46.

22
  G. P. Murdock (1934),
Our Primitive Contemporaries.
New York: Macmillan.

23
  W. Robertson Smith (1891; 1972),
The Religion of the Semites.
New York: Schocken, p. 44, n. 2.

24
  B. Anderson (1991),
The Imagined Communities.
New York: Verso.

25
  G. Johnson (1987), “In the Name of the Fatherland: An Analysis of Kin Term Usage in Patriotic Speech and Literature.”
International Political Science Review
8:165–74.

26
  D. Rhode and C. J. Chivers (2002), “Qaeda’s Grocery Lists and Manuals of Killing.”
New York Times,
March 17.

27
  U.S. Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi (2006), cited in Online NewsHour, March 30.

28
  Cited in R. Wright (2000),
Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny,
New York: Vintage, p. 101.

29
  D. Medin, A. Ortony (1989), “Psychological Essentialism.” In S. Vosniadou and A. Ortony (eds.),
Similarity and Analogical Reasoning.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

30
  L. Hirschfeld (1996),
Race in the Making: Cogntion, Culture, and the Child’s Construction of Human Kinds.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

31
  S. Atran and D. Medin (2008),
The Native Mind and the Cultural Construction of Nature.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

32
  S. Atran (1998), “Folk Biology and the Anthropology of Science: Cognitive Universals and Cultural Particulars.”
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
21:554–609.

33
  C. Darwin,
On the Origin of Species.

34
  S. Gelman and L. Hirschfeld (2008), “How Biological Is Essentialism?” In D. Medin and S. Atran (eds.),
Folkbiology,
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

35
  S. Atran, J. Magouirk, and J. Ginges (2008), “Radical Madrassahs in Southeast Asia.”
CTC Sentinel
(Combating Terrorism Center, West Point) 1 (3).

36
  I. Hacking (1995), “The Looping Effect of Human Kinds.” In D. Sperber, D. Premack, A. Premack (eds.),
Causal Cognition.
New York: Oxford University Press.

37
  K. Lorenz (1963), Presentation to the British Institute of Biology Symposium, The Natural History of Aggression, October.

38
  B. Wong (2006),
The Chinese in Silicon Valley: Globalization, Social Networks and Ethnic Identity.
Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.

39
  M. Sageman (2004),
Understanding Terror Networks.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

40
  I. Silk (2003), “Cooperation Without Counting: The Puzzle of Friendship.” In P. Hammerstein (ed.),
Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

41
  R. Milardo (1992), “Comparative Methods for Delineating Social Networks.”
Social and Personal Relationships
9:447–61.

42
  R. Dunbar (1998), “The Social Brain Hypothesis.”
Evolutionary Anthropology
6:178–90.

43
  D. Hruschka and J. Henrich (2006), “Friendship, Cliquishness, and the Emergence of Cooperation.”
Journal of Theoretical Biology
239:1–15.

44
  N. Machiavelli (1531; 1950),
The Prince and the Discourses.
New York: Modern Library, ch. 18.

45
  R. Byrne and A. Whiten (1998),
Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

46
  K. Sterelny (2007), “Social Intelligence, Human Intelligence, and Niche Construction.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
362:719–30.

47
  Sun Tzu (c. 500 B.C.; 1910),
The Art of War,
www.kimsoft.com/polwar.htm.

48
  Prince Harry of Wales (2008), cited in BBC News, March 2.

49
  M. Taylor and A. Gillan (2009), “Racist Slur or Army Banter? What the Soldiers Say.”
Guardian,
January 13. www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/ jan/13/military-prince-harry-race-issues.

CHAPTER 18: BLOOD SPORT

  1
  M. van Creveld (2008),
The Culture of War.
New York: Ballantine Books.

  2
  Freikorps leader E. von Salomon, cited in T. Segev (1987),
Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps,
New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 65–66.

  3
  B. Ehrenreich (1997),
Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War.
New York: Henry Holt.

  4
  W. Robertson Smith (1894),
Lectures on the Religion of the Semites.
London: A. & C. Black.

  5
  H. E. Davidson (1988),
Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions.
Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

  6
  C. Holden (2000), “Cannibalism: Molecule Shows Anasazi Ate Their Enemies.”
Science
289:1663.

  7
  Cited in L. Spier (1933),
Yuman Tribes of the Gilga River.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 175.

  8
  I. Clendinnen (1991),
Aztecs.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  9
  R. Law (1985), “Human Sacrifice in Pre-colonial West Africa.”
African Affairs
84:53–87.

10
  S. Mekhenet and N. Kulish (2009), “Uncovering the Lost Path of the Most Wanted Nazi.”
New York Times,
February 4.

11
  BBC News (2003), “UN Condemns DR Congo Cannibalism.” news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2661365.stm; Isango, E. (2005), “Cannibalism Shock as Atrocities Revealed,” theage.com, March 18.

12
  R. Ngowi (2003), “Congo Rebels Accused of Cannibalism.” Associated Press, May 19.

13
  BBC News (2008), “‘Suicide Videos’: What They Said.” April 4. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7330367.stm.

14
  U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee (2008), Committee Hearing, June 17, supporting documents,
CounterResistance StrategyMinutes
(pages 2–3 of 5) 13:40, Oct 2, 2002, p. 15. http://levin.senate.gov/newsroom/supporting/2008/Documents.SASC.061708.pdf.

15
  A. Smith (1993),
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
New York: Oxford University Press, bk. 5, pt. 1, ch. 1.

16
  B. Mussolini (1932), “La dottrina del fascismo.”
Enciclopedia Italiana,
vol. 14. Rome: Ardita.

17
  J. McPherson (1997),
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War.
New York: Oxford University Press, p. 85.

18
  W. Faulkner (1948; 1972),
Intruder in the Dust.
New York: Vintage, pp. 194–95.

19
  R. Lowie (1954),
Indians of the Plains.
New York: McGraw-Hill.

20
  H. Turney-High (1949),
Primitive War: Its Practice and Its Concepts.
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, p. 145.