Spies and Commissars: The Bolshevik Revolution and the West (70 page)

29
.
Ibid.
, pp. 383–4.

30
.
Ibid.
, pp. 468 and 472.

31
.
Ibid.
, p. 590.

32
.
Ibid.
, pp. 641–2 and 669.

33
.
Ibid.
, p. 837.

34
.
New York Times
, 22 February 1919.

35
.
Ibid.

36
.
Ibid.
, 23 February 1919; V. V. Aldoshin, Yu. V. Ivanov, V. M. Semënov and V. A. Tarasov (eds),
Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926
, p. 19 (Rhys Williams testimonial letter of appointment).

37
. See S. White,
Britain and the Bolshevik Revolution
, pp. 175–7, for the general trend.

18. The Paris Peace Conference

1
. R. Lansing,
The Big Four and Others of the Peace Conference
, pp. 38–9.

2
.
Ibid
., p. 41.

3
.
Ibid.
, pp. 57–8.

4
. J. M. Keynes,
The Economic Consequences of the Peace
, p. 16.

5
.
New York Times
, 22 January 1919.

6
. Bullitt’s notes in
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, of William C. Bullitt
, p. 7.

7
.
Ibid
., pp. 7–9 and 10–11.

8
. H. Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, pp. 116–17.

9
.
New York Times
, 21 January 1919.

10
.
Ibid
., 22 January 1919;
Manchester Guardian
, 23 December 1918.

11
.
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations
, pp. 1–2.

12
. R. Lansing, diary entry, 22 January 1919: Robert Lansing Papers (HIA).

13
.
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations
, pp. 21–3.

14
. A. Ransome,
Russia in 1919
, pp. 1 and 3;
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations
, pp. 5–6.

15
.
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 1856–1924
, vol. 53, pp. 492–4. See D. S. Foglesong,
America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920
, p. 279.

16
.
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations
, pp. 5–6.

17
. (H. Nicolson),
The Harold Nicolson Diaries: 1907–1963
, 24 January 1919.

18
. W. S. Churchill,
The World Crisis
, vol. 4:
The Aftermath
, p. 173.

19
.
Ibid
., p. 174.

20
. H. Wilson to A. Milner, 12 January 1919: Milner Papers, dep. 46/1, fol. 107.

21
. Churchill,
The World Crisis
, vol. 4:
The Aftermath
, p. 173.

22
.
Ibid
., p. 174.

23
.
Ibid.
, p. 176.

24
.
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign
Relations
, pp. 3–5.

25
.
Ibid.
, pp. 34–6.

26
.
Ibid.
, p. 37; P. H. Kerr (Paris) to Sir R. Graham: minute, 11 July 1919,
Documents on British Policy Overseas
, no. 105169/43654/38.

27
.
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign
Relations
, p. 39.

28
.
Ibid
., p. 44.

29
. A. Ransome,
Russia in 1919
, p. 231.

30
. George Hill’s answers to Robin Bruce Lockhart’s questionnaire, p. 5: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 1.

31
. G. A. Hill,
Dreaded Hour
, pp. 98 and 102–3.

32
. ‘Peace with Honour’:
Daily Mail
, 28 March 1919.

33
.
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign
Relations
, p. 66.

34
. Board meeting, n.d. (early 1919?), p. 8: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 28, folder 33.

35
. D. S. Foglesong,
America’s Secret War against Bolshevism
, pp. 69–71.

36
. D. R. Francis,
Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918
, pp. 310–11.

37
.
Ibid
., pp. 309–10.

38
. H. Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, pp. 118–19.

39
.
Ibid
., pp. 121–3.

40
. ‘Diary of P. V. Vologodsky as Prime Minister of Admiral Kolchak’s Cabinet’, 17 May 1919: Pëtr Vasil’evich Vologodskii Papers (HIA).

41
. W. S. Churchill,
The World Crisis
, vol. 4:
The Aftermath
, pp. 179–80.

42
. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Stemming the Red Tide’ (typescript, 1919), p. 70: T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 1.

43
.
Ibid
.

44
. W. C. Bullitt to President Wilson, 17 May 1919: Robert Lansing Papers (HIA).

45
. R. Lansing, diary entry for 19 May 1919: Robert Lansing Papers (HIA); W. C. Bullitt to R. Lansing, 17 May 1919:
ibid.

46
. H. Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, pp. 245–52.

19. European Revolution

1
. A. Ransome,
Russia in 1919
, p. 225. The comment was made in March 1919.

2
.
Ibid
., pp. 35–6.

3
. A. J. Fardon to Mrs E. Garratt, 5 March 1919: National Archives, KV/2/1903.

4
. A. Ransome,
Russia in 1919
, p. 226.

5
.
Ibid
., p. 227.

6
. J. Sadoul,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919
, p. 450: letter to J. Longuet, 17 January 1918.

7
. A. Dunois, unpublished typescript introduction (May 1941) to an edition of Sadoul’s letters, pp. 3–4: Jacques Sadoul Papers (HIA); L. Naudeau,
En
prison sous la terreur russe
, pp. 231.

8
. J. Cornwell,
Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
, p. 75.

9
. R. Leviné-Meyer,
Leviné the Spartacist: The Life and Times of the Socialist Revolutionary Leader of the German Spartacists and Head of the Ill-Starred Munich Republic of 1919
, p. 153.

10
. T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 2: Hungarian Political Dossier, vol. 1: Alonzo Taylor to Herbert Hoover, 26 March 1919.

11
. Memorandum by Ferenc Julier, former Commander of the General Staff of the Red Army; it was prepared for the Hoover Library in 1933 and translated into English: Hungarian Subject Collection (HIA), pp. 3–4 and 14.

12
. Memorandum by Ferenc Julier, p. 3.

13
. H. James (Inter-Allied Danube River Commission), ‘Report on Trip to German-Austria and Czecho-Slovakia’ (n.d.), pp. 1 and 4: Henry James Papers (HIA), folder 1.

14
. G. A. Hill,
Dreaded Hour
, p. 89.

15
. H. James, ‘A Solution of the Hungarian Question’ (no date given but some time in 1919 before August): Henry James Papers (HIA), folder 2.

16
. Telegrams of 2 February and 19 April 1919: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 109, d. 46, pp. 1–2.

17
. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Beating Back Bolshevism’ (typescript, possibly 1920), p. 6: T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 1; A. Taylor to H. C. Hoover, 26 March 1919.

18
.
Ibid
.: Philip Marshall Brown to Archibald Cary Coolidge, 17 April 1919.

19
. T. T. C. Gregory to H. C. Hoover, 22 June 1918: T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 1.

20
. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Beating Back Bolshevism’ [n.p., n.d.]:
ibid.

21
. Trotsky’s message to Kh. G. Rakovski, N. I. Podvoiski and V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, 18 April 1919: RGASPI, f. 325, op. 1, d. 404, p. 86; Lenin’s telegram to S. I. Aralov and J. Vacietis, 21 April 1919,
ibid
., p. 92; telegram of J. Vacietis and S. I. Aralov to V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, 23 April 1919,
ibid
., op. 109, 46, pp. 3–5.

22
. Lt Col. W. B. Causey to H. Hoover, 8 August 1919: Gibbes Lykes Papers (HIA), box 1.

23
. [James A.?] Logan to the ARA in Paris, 13 August 1919:
ibid.

24
. Inter-Allied Military Mission (Budapest) to the Supreme Council of the Peace Conference, 19 August 1919: Gibbes Lykes Papers (HIA), box 1.

25
. H. Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, p. 118.

26
. See his comments in H. Hoover,
Address of Secretary Hoover before the
Chamber of Commerce of the United States. Eleventh Annual Meeting. New York, N.Y., May 8 1923
, p. 7.

27
. H. Hoover,
The World Economic Situation: Address of Herbert Hoover before the San Francisco Commercial Club, October 9, 1919
, p. 19.

28
. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Stemming the Red Tide’ (n.p., 1919), pp. 66–7.

29
. H. Hoover,
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
, pp. 164–5; J. M. Keynes,
The Economic Consequences of the Peace
, p. 274.

30
. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’,
Krasnaya nov’
, no. 10 (1926), pp. 163–4.

31
.
Ibid
., pp. 164–5 and 168.

32
.
Ibid.
, pp. 166–8.

33
.
Ibid.
, p. 168.

34
. A. Venturi,
Rivoluzionari russi in Italia, 1917–1921
, pp. 205–7.