Spies and Commissars: The Bolshevik Revolution and the West (69 page)

37
. MI1a: S.F. 401/2/2: Message to British Foreign Office about information received from the Dutch government, 18 September 1918. My thanks to Andrew Cook for sharing this document with me.

38
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Notebooks, 1938–1945’: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers, box 4.

39
.
The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938
, p. 46.

40
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart,
Friends, Foes and Foreigners
, p. 279.

41
.
Ibid
.

42
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart,
Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in
1918
, pp. 339–40.

50
.
The Times
, 18 October 1918.

44
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, notes for
Cities and Men
, p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), p. 2; M. Findlay report (Christiania), 17 September 1918, based on a Dutch diplomatic dispatch: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 233.

45
. MI1a: S.F. 401/2/2: Message to British Foreign Office about information received from the Dutch, 18 September 1918.

46
. I. Litvinov, autobiographical fragment on 1917–1918: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 7.

47
. I. Litvinov, untitled memoir fragment on 1920:
ibid
., box 9, folder 10, p. 31.

48
.
The Times
, 26 September 1918.

49
. G. A. Hill,
Go Spy the Land
, pp. 11 and 258.

50
.
Ibid
., p. 25.

51
.
The Times
, 18 October 1918;
Le Figaro
, 11 October 1918.

52
. L. Naudeau,
En prison sous la terreur russe
, pp. 127–30.

53
. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in
Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov
, p. 510.

54
. L. Naudeau,
En prison sous la terreur russe
, p. 117.

55
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart,
Friends, Foes and Foreigners
, p. 274.

56
. M. Benckendorff to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, n.d., p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 1, folder 22.

57
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to Moura Benckendorff, 2 November 1918, pp. 1–2:
ibid
., box 1, folder 22.

58
. M. Benckendorff to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, n.d. (late 1918?), pp. 1–2:
ibid.

59
. Moura Benckendorff to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, n.d. (summer 1919?):
ibid.
, folder 20.

60
.
Pravda
, 15 November 1918.

61
. Handwritten report on the second day of the trial, p. 1; no named author: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 1, folder 11.

62
.
Ibid.

63
. ‘Protokol zasedaniya Revolyutsionnogo tribunala pri VTsIK’: 25 November 1918, in
Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov
, p. 549.

64
. ‘Protokol zasedaniya Revolyutsionnogo tribunala pri VTsIK’: 28 November 1918,
ibid
., pp. 553–4.

65
. Handwritten report on the second day of the trial, pp. 1–2; no named author: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 1, folder 11. See also
Le Figaro
, 11 February 1919.

66
.
Pravda
, 4 December 1918.

67
. R. B. Spence, ‘The Tragic Fate of Kalamatiano’, p. 356.

16. The German Capitulation

1
. Kh. Rakovski, ‘Avtobiografiya’ (HIA), p. 9; RGASPI, f. 17, op. 84, d. 1, p. 1, reproduced in I. Linder and S. Churkin (eds),
Krasnaya pautina: tainy razvedki Kominterna, 1919–1943
, p. 24.

2
. V. I. Lenin,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, vol. 50, p. 186.

3
.
Pravda
, 7 September 1918.

4
. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’,
Krasnaya nov’
, no. 10 (1926), p. 140.

5
. G. V. Chicherin,
Vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi Rossii za dva goda
, p. 22.

6
. M. J. Larsons, ‘Dans le labyrinthe des Soviets’, p. 39: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA).

7
. I. Maisky,
Journey into the Past
, p. 37. Maiski saw him at the Communist Club at 107 Charlotte Street, London WC1 in 1913.

8
. H. Strachan,
The First World War
, p. 316.

9
. J. P. Nettl,
Rosa Luxemburg
, vol. 2, p. 710.

10
. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 139.

11
.
Ibid
., p. 140.

12
. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 29: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.

13
. A. E. Senn,
Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland, 1918
, p. 161.

14
. Kh. Rakovskii, ‘Avtobiografiya’ (HIA), p. 9; M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 29: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.

15
.
Ibid
., p. 30.

16
. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 141.

17
.
Ibid.
, p. 142.

18
.
Ibid.
, pp. 142–3.

19
. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 33: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.

20
.
Ibid.
, pp. 33–5.

21
. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 143.

22
. M. J. Larsons, ‘Dans le labyrinthe des Soviets’, p. 40: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA).

23
.
Ibid.

24
. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 143.

25
. V. I. Lenin to A. A. Ioffe, 2 June 1918,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, vol. 50, p. 88.

26
. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, pp. 143–4.

27
.
Ibid
., p. 144.

28
.
Ibid.

29
.
Ibid.
, p. 145.

30
. Kh. Rakovski, ‘Avtobiografiya’ (HIA), p. 9.

31
. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 146.

32
.
Ibid.
, pp. 148–9.

33
.
Ibid.
, p. 149.

34
.
Ibid.
, p. 150.

35
. P. Levi, ‘Gedächtnisrede des Genossen Paul Levi’ (typescript: HIA).

17. Revolving the Russian Question

1
. R. Cecil, memorandum of 20 October circulated to King and War Cabinet, fols 149–53: Milner Papers, dep. 136.

2
. Sovnarkom meetings, 7, 21 and 30 December 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1.

3
. Azbuka report, 4 November 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 28, folder 30.

4
. Meeting of Russian delegation in Iasi with Allied emissaries, 17 November 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 36, folders 16 and 18.

5
. A. Ransome,
The Truth about Russia
(Workers’ Socialist Federation: London, 1918), pp. 3–4.

6
. D. Marquand,
Ramsay MacDonald
, pp. 225–6.

7
. A. Milner to C. Nabokoff, 22 December 1918: Milner Papers, c. 696, fol. 168.

8
. R. H. Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921
, vol. 2:
Britain and the Russian Civil War, November 1918–February 1920
, pp. 59–64.

9
.
House of Commons Debates
, 14 November 1918, cols 3015–17.

10
. R. H. B. Lockhart, Memorandum on the Internal Situation in Russia, in
British Documents on Foreign Policy
, Part 2:
The Soviet Union, 1917–1939
, vol. 1:
Soviet Russia and her Neighbours, Jan. 1917–Dec. 1919
, pp. 34–44.

11
. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12.

12
.
The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938
, p. 47.

13
.
Ibid
.

14
.
Ibid.

15
. M. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, vol. 4:
The World in Torment, 1917–1922
, p. 227.

16
. R. Quinault, ‘Churchill and Russia’,
War and Society
, no. 1 (1991), pp. 102–7.

17
. D. R. Francis,
Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918
, p. viii.

18
.
New York Times
, 15 December 1919: reported testimony of S. Nuorteva to the Lusk Committee.

19
.
Ibid
.

20
.
Washington Post
, 6 August 1917.

21
.
The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, of William C. Bullitt
, pp. 1–2.

22
. Harold Kellock (Finnish Information Bureau, New York) to Lincoln Steffens, 22 April 1918, p. 2: Russian Subject Collection (HIA).

23
.
Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Third Session and Thereafter Pursuant to Senate Resolutions 439 and 469 – February 11, 1919 to March 10,
1919
, pp. 5–6.

24
.
Ibid.
, p. 82.

25
.
Ibid.
, pp. 19–20, 80–1 and 84.

26
.
Ibid.
, pp. 109 and 115.

27
.
Ibid.
, pp. 112, 114 and 156.

28
.
Ibid.
, pp. 379–82.