Slave Next Door (60 page)

3. See Thomas R. Dew,
Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of

1831 and 1832
(Richmond, 1832). Another slavery apologist who regularly

repeated that slaves were better off in America than free in Africa was George

Fitzhugh; see ch. 5, “Negro Slavery,” in his
Sociology for the South, or the

Failure of Free Society
(Richmond, VA: A. Morris, 1854).

4. Quoted in Adrienne Packer, Lynnette Curtis, and Francis McCabe,

“China Star Acrobats: Trio Face Slavery Charges,”
Las Vegas Review-Journal,

July 4, 2007.

5. Quoted in ibid.

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N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 2 0 – 1 3 0 / 2 8 9

6. “US Court Opens Trial on Slavery Charges,”
Zou Di,
August 6, 2007,

www.china.org.cn/english/China/219946.htm.

7. Florrie Burke, Human Trafficking Consultant, interview, September 17,

2007.

8. Lou de Baca, counsel, U.S. House of Representatives Counsel on the

Judiciary, interview, September 13, 2007.

9. “Suffering in Silence,”
Time,
August 4, 1997.

10. Ibid.

11. “Deaf Mexicans Recount Enslavement in the City,”
New York Sun,

September 28, 2006.

12. Lou de Baca, interview, September 13, 2007.

13. Florrie Burke, interview, March 2, 2007.

14. “Suffering in Silence.”

15. Florrie Burke, interview, March 2, 2007.

16. “Suffering in Silence.”

17. Lou de Baca, interview, September 13, 2007.

18. Ibid.

19. “Suffering in Silence.”

20. Lou de Baca, interview, September 13, 2007.

21. “Deaf Mexicans Recount Enslavement.”

22. Florrie Burke, interview, September 17, 2007.

23. “Deaf Mexicans Recount Enslavement.”

24. Lou de Baca, interview, September 13, 2007.

25. Ibid.

26. Florrie Burke, interview, September 17, 2007.

27. Sandy Shepherd, interview, August 21, 2007.

28. Given Kachepa, interview, May 15, 2007.

29. Ibid.

30. Quoted in Ron Soodalter,
Hanging Captain Gordon: The Life and Trial

of an American Slave Trader
(New York: Atria, 2007), 255.

31. Quoted in ibid.

32. Sandy Shepherd, interview, August 21, 2007.

33. U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas, Case No. 04–40141 SAC,

Second Superseding Indictment: United States v. Arlan Dean Kaufman and

Linda Joyce Kaufman, 14.

34. “Breaking Down Doors to a Human Nightmare,”
Topeka Capital-

Journal,
June 27, 2005.

35. Ibid.

36. Indictment, Arlan Dean Kaufman and Linda Joyce Kaufman, 18.

37. Ibid., 2.

38. Ibid., 4.

39. “Kaufman House Stun Gun Incidents Focus of Testimony,”
Topeka

Capital-Journal,
October 18, 2005; also, U.S. Department of Justice, “Kansas

Couple Convicted of Involuntary Servitude Charges for Abusing Mentally Ill

Patients,” press release, November 7, 2005.

40. Indictment, Arlan Dean Kaufman and Linda Joyce Kaufman, 5.

41. Ibid., 17.

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42. Ibid., 16–17.

43. Ibid., 19.

44. Ibid., 6.

45. Ibid., 15.

46. “Breaking Down Doors.”

47. Ibid.

48. “Kaufmans Receive Restitution Orders,”
Kansan,
June 15, 2006.

49. Jim Cross, public information officer, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Topeka,

KS, interview, May 26, 2007.

50. Currently the United States holds nine territories: the Midway Islands,

Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, Micronesia, the

Marshall Islands, Palau, Guam, and American Samoa, where this story takes

place.

51. Soodalter,
Hanging Captain Gordon,
257.

52. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Anatomy of an International Human

Trafficking Case, Part 1,” FBI Headline Archives, July 16, 2004, www.fbi.gov/

page2/july04/kisoolee071604.htm.

53. Krishna Patel, assistant U.S. attorney, Bridgeport, CT, interview, April

13, 2007; also U.S. District Court, District of Connecticut, Indictment,

Criminal No. 3:03CR350 (PCD), United States v. Hussein Mutungirehe, Abiba

Kanzayire.

54. Indictment, Arlan Dean Kaufman and Linda Joyce Kaufman.

55. U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Connecticut, “Rwandan Child

Smuggler Sentenced,” press release, February 24, 2005.

56. Krishna Patel, interview, April 13, 2007.

6 . E AT I N G , W E A R I N G , WA L K I N G S L AV E RY

1. See Michael Smith and David Voreacos, “The Secret World of Modern

Slavery,”
Bloomberg Markets,
December 2006.

2. See National Marine Fisheries Service, “Fish Watch: U.S. Seafood Facts,”

n.d., www.nmfs.noaa.gov/fishwatch/trade_and_aquaculture.htm (accessed

August 2007).

3. Shrimp imports also reported at ibid.

4. See, for example, Environmental Justice Foundation, “Dying for Your

Dinner,” June 26, 2003, www.csrwire.com/PressRelease.php?id=1932;

International Labour Organization, “Forced Labor in Burma,” Report No. 32,

September 8, 1998, http://burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199809/

msg00281.html.

5. Anti-Slavery International, “Indonesian Fishing Platforms,” report,

London, 1998.

6. See “Indonesia Hopes to Increase Fish Export Earning to US$ 5 Billion,”

Indonesian Commercial Newsletter,
March 2004.

7. Smith and Voreacos, “Secret World,” 60.

8. Quoted in ibid.

9. Australian Anti-Slavery Society, “Was Your Sparkling Diamond Produced

by Child Slaves or Polished by Bonded Children?” 2003, www.anti-slaverysociety

.addr.com/diamonds.htm.

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N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 4 1 – 1 5 7 / 2 9 1

10. Quoted in Smith and Voreacos, “Secret World,” 64.

11. Quoted in ibid.

12. Ibid., 65.

13. Ginny Baumann, director of partnerships, Free the Slaves, Washington,

DC, interview, July 12, 2007.

14. Dan McDougall, “Indian ‘Slave’ Children Found Making Low-Cost

Clothes Destined for Gap,”
Observer,
October 28, 2007.

15. Ramin Pejan, “
Laogai:
‘Reform through Labor’ in China,”
Human

Rights Brief: A Legal Resource for the International Human Rights Community

7, no. 2 (2000): 22.

16. Ibid., 23.

17. See, for example, Greenpeace, “Cyanide, Gold Mining’s Devastating

Killer,” August 30, 2006, www.greenpeace.org/seasia/en/press/reports/cyanide-

gold-mining-s-devasta.

18. You can see a Brazilian charcoal camp in Mato Grosso do Sul, using

Google Earth and its satellite and aerial photographs. The beehive-shaped

domes of the low ovens used to burn the forests into charcoal for use in the steel

industry are lined up on each side of a dirt road. Smoke is rising from the ovens,

and the ground is blackened near the road where charcoal has been spilt. To the

east of the camp you can see where the forest has been clearcut to feed the

ovens. Looking at satellite images, you cannot tell if the workers in this camp

are free or enslaved, but you do know exactly where it is. If you would like to

see this camp, the GPS coordinates are 19°52′14.22″ South, 53°03′30.84″ West.

19. Smith and Voreacos, “Secret World,” 58.

20. See U.S. Department of Agriculture import figures at “Tropical Products:

World Markets and Trade,” March 2001, www.fas.usda.gov/htp/tropical/2001/

03–01/troptoc.htm.

21. See Kevin Bales,
Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global

Economy,
rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).

22. International Labour Organization,
A Global Alliance against Forced

Labor
(Geneva: ILO, 2005).

23. Yuki Noguchi, “Gates Foundation to Get Bulk of Buffett’s Fortune,”

Washington Post,
June 26, 2006, A01.

24. Ron Soodalter,
Hanging Captain Gordon: The Life and Trial of an

American Slave Trader
(New York: Atria, 2006).

25. You can learn more about Rugmark at www.rugmark.org.

26. Expenditure on antitrafficking work within the United States is around

$150 million; the international work of the Office to Monitor and Combat

Trafficking in Persons in the State Department costs up to $100 million per year.

See, for example, Jerry Markon, “Human Trafficking Evokes Outrage,”

Washington Post,
September 23, 2007, and the annual
Trafficking in Persons

Report
of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, the latest of

which,
Trafficking in Persons Report 2006,
is available on their Web site at

www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2006/.

27. See, for example, Petri Raivio, “The War on Drugs: The U.S. Approach

to the Drug Problem,” U.S. Institutions Survey Paper, FAST Area Studies

Program, Department of Translation Studies, University of Tampere, April

2001, www.uta.fi/FAST/US2/PAPS/pr-drugs.html.

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292 / N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 6 4 – 1 8 5

7 . S L AV E S I N T H E N E I G H B O R H O O D

1. Free the Slaves,
Slavery Still Exists and It Could Be in Your Backyard: A

Community Member’s Guide to Fighting Human Trafficking and Slavery

(Washington, DC: Free the Slaves, 2004), http://66.216.83.171/files/

Community_Guide.pdf, 2.

2. U.S. Department of Education, “Human Trafficking of Children in the

United States: A Fact Sheet for Schools,” June 2007, www.ed.gov/about/offices/

list/osdfs/factsheet.pdf.

3. “Middle Tennessee Sees Rise in Human Trafficking,” WBIR.com, June

22, 2007.

4. Elaine Fletcher, interview, August 20, 2007.

5. Sandy Shepherd, interview, August 21, 2007. All of the subsequent

details and quotations from Sandy Shepherd regarding this story come from

this interview.

6. Sarah Schell, interview, September 11, 2007. All the subsequent details

and quotations from Sarah Schell regarding this story come from this interview.

7. Quotations from Mike Massey come from “The Competition,”
This

American Life,
Public Radio International, December 3, 2007. For a detailed

discussion of the Pickle case, see John Bowe,
Nobodies
(New York: Random

House, 2007).

8. “Don’t Sweep Human Trafficking under the Rug,”
Jewish News Weekly of

Northern California,
September 18, 2006.

9. “Sheriffs Focusing on Human Trafficking,” Pensacola News Journal.com,

August 20, 2007, www.pensacolanewsjournal.com/apps.

10. Jason Van Brunt, Hillsborough, FL, Sheriff’s Office, interview,

September 6, 2007.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Hillsborough County Sheriff’s Office, “Marcelino Guillen Jaimes

Arrested for Human Trafficking,” news release, March 15, 2007, www.hcso

.tampa.fl.us/Press_Releases/2007/3/07–142.htm.

14. Jason Van Brunt, interview, September 6, 2007.

15. “FGCU Could Aid Trafficking Fight,”
News Press,
July 5, 2007, 3.

16. “Middle Tennessee Sees Rise,” 3.

17. Stephanie Weber, Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition, interview,

August 28, 2008.

18. Ibid.

19. Freedom Network USA, home page, 2008, www.freedomnetworkusa

.org.

20. Florrie Burke, human trafficking consultant, interview, August 28, 2007.

21. Lou de Baca, counsel, House Committee on the Judiciary, interview,

September 13, 2007.

22. Ibid.

23. Florrie Burke, interview, August 28, 2007.

24. Ibid.

25. The founding organizations are Safe Horizon, Break the Chain,

Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST), Coalition of Immokalee

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N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 8 5 – 1 9 6 / 2 9 3

Workers, Florida Immigration Advocacy Center (FIAC), International

Organization for Adolescents (IOFA), and Midwest Immigrant and Human

Rights Center.

26. Florrie Burke, interview, August 28, 2007.

27. Ibid.

28. Barbara Ann Stolz, “Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate

through the Lens of Symbolic Politics,”
Law and Policy
29 (July 2007): 331.

29. Amy Farrell, interview, October 5, 2007.

30. Jack McDevitt and Amy Farrell, “Understanding and Improving Law

Enforcement Responses to Human Trafficking,” Final Report, June 30, 2007,

Institute on Race and Justice, Northeastern University, prepared for National

Institute of Justice.

31. Ibid., 3.

32. Amy Farrell, interview, October 5, 2007.

33. Ibid.

34. McDevitt and Farrell, “Understanding and Improving,” 4.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid., 5.

37. Ibid., 6.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid., 7.

40. Ibid.

41. Kathryn Turman, program director, Office of Victim Assistance, FBI,

interview, October 11, 2007.

42. McDevitt and Farrell, “Understanding and Improving,” 7.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid., 8.

45. Amy Farrell, interview, October 5, 2007.

46. Ibid.

47. McDevitt and Farrell, “Understanding and Improving,” 9.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid.

8 . S TAT E S O F C O N F U S I O N