Slave Next Door (59 page)

4. 18 U.S.C. § 1591.

5. The court ruled that for their personal safety only the first letter of the

victims’ last names would be used.

6. Alex Wood, “Ex-prostitute Describes Pimp’s Domination, Violence,”

Journal Inquirer
(Hartford, CT), June 6, 2007.

7. Lee Sawyer, “Defendant Denies His ‘Escort Service’ Was a Prostitution

Ring,”
Journal Inquirer
(Hartford, CT), June 13, 2007.

8. U.S. DOJ, “Tenth Defendant Found Guilty for Role in Human Trafficking

Ring,” press release, June 14, 2007, www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Press2007/

20070614–3.html.

9. Assistant U.S. attorney Krishna R. Patel, interview, April 13, 2007.

10. Lois Lee, “The Pimp and His Game,” unpublished paper written “in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

in sociology/anthropology,” 1979, 9; also Lois Lee, founder, Children of the

Night, interview, July 23, 2007.

11. Ibid., 10.

12. Ibid., 11.

13. Krishna R. Patel, interview, April 13, 2007.

14. U.S. Attorney’s Office, Department of Justice, State of Connecticut, to

Diane Polan, Esq., representing Shamere McKenzie, August 22, 2007.

15. Dorchen Leidholdt, co-founder, Coalition Against Trafficking in

Women, interview, October 8, 2007.

16. Rachel Lloyd, Girls Educational and Mentoring Services, interview, July

25, 2007.

17. Lois Lee, interview, July 23, 2007.

18. Ronald Weitzer, “The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: Ideology

and Institutionalization of a Moral Crusade,”
Politics and Society
35

(September 2007): 452.

19. Ibid.

20. Michael Shively et al., “Final Report on the Evaluation of the First

Offender Prostitution Program,” Abt Associates, March 7, 2008, www.ncjrs

.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222451.pdf.

21. Bradley Myles, “‘The World Famous Players Ball’ at-a-Glance,” unpub-

lished briefing document to Polaris, July 2005, 1.

22. Ibid., 6.

23. Ibid., 2.

24. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Sex Trafficking Fact

Sheet,” November 2004, www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sex.html.

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N O T E S T O PA G E S 8 9 – 9 5 / 2 8 5

25. “U.S. Must Link AIDS, Anti-Trafficking Efforts,” Standard Newswire,

August 1, 2007.

26. Government Notice of Filing, U.S. District Court, Southern District of

Florida, Case No. 05–20444-CR-Seitz(s), United States v. Justin Evans, 13–19.

27. United States v. Justin Evans, 476 F.3d 1176 (11th Cir. 2007), 1177–78.

28. Myles, “Players Ball,” 9.

29. Ibid., 3.

30. Richard J. Estes and Neil Alan Weiner, “The Commercial Sexual

Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico,” University of

Pennsylvania, September 18, 2001 (amended April 2002), Abstract,

www.sp2.upenn.edu/~restes/CSEC_Files/Abstract_010918.pdf, 2.

31. Richard J. Estes and Neil Alan Weiner, “The Commercial Sexual

Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico,” University of

Pennsylvania, September 18, 2001 (amended April 2002), Executive Summary,

www.sp2.upenn.edu/~restes/CSEC_Files/Exec_Sum_020220.pdf, 10.

32. Lisa M. Jones and David Finkelhor, “The Decline in Child Sexual Abuse

Cases,”
OJJDP Bulletin
(Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention),

January 2001; Lisa M. Jones, David M. Finkelhor, and Kathy Kopiec, “Why Is

Sexual Abuse Declining? A Survey of State Child Protection Administrators,”

Child Abuse and Neglect
25 (2001): 1139–58.

33. Rachel Lloyd, interview, July 25, 2007.

34. “Connecticut Man Pleads Guilty for Role in Human Trafficking Ring,”

Standard Newswire, August 21, 2007.

35. Statement of Chris Swecker, assistant director, Criminal Investigative

Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, before the Commission on Security

and Cooperation in Europe, United States Helsinki Commission, June 7, 2005,

www.fbi.gov/congress/congress05/swecker060705.htm, 2.

36. Rachel Lloyd, interview, July 25, 2007.

37. Lois Lee, interview, July 23, 2007.

38. U.S. Department of Justice, “Man Sentenced to Life in Prison for Producing

Video of Toddler Being Sexually Assaulted,” press release, April 16, 2007,

www.usdoj.gov/criminal/ceos/Press%20Releases/DID%20Banks%20sentence%

20PR_041607.pdf.

39. Statement of Chris Swecker.

40. “Life Term for Trafficking Juveniles,”
Washington Post,
March 18, 2006.

41. Nancy Ramos, CATW, interview, October 10, 2007.

42. Andrew Oosterbaan, CEOS, interview, June 30, 2007.

43. Wendy Waldron, trial attorney, CEOS, interview, July 16, 2007.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. The NGO was Agir pour les Femmes en Situation Precaire (Acting for

Women in Distressing Situations).

48. U.S. Department of Justice, “Man Convicted of Sex Tourism, Child

Pornography Charges,” press release, April 5, 2007, www.usdoj.gov/usao/fls/

PressReleases/070405–02.pdf.

49. Anna Rodriguez, director, Florida Coalition Against Human Trafficking,

interview, September 18, 2007.

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286 / N O T E S T O PA G E S 9 6 – 1 0 6

50. Andrew Oosterbaan, interview, August 7, 2007.

51. Wendy Waldron, interview, July 16, 2007.

52. Rachel Lloyd, interview, July 25, 2007.

53. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.

54. ECPAT stands for “End Child Prostitution and Child Pornography and

Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes,” perhaps the most unwieldy name

in the antitrafficking world.

55. Carole Smolenski, ECPAT, interview, August 13, 2007.

56. Ibid.

57. Rachel Lloyd, interview, July 25, 2007.

58. Carole Smolenski, interview, August 13, 2007.

59. Christa Stewart, the Door, interview, July 20, 2007.

60. Ibid.

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid.

63. Lois Lee, interview, July 23, 2007.

64. Alison Boak, president of IOFA, interview, August 13, 2007.

65. Florrie Burke, human trafficking consultant, interview, June 26, 2007.

66. Lois Lee, interview, July 23, 2007. In fact, several NGOs offer beds to

victims of trafficking, but they keep this information confidential for the vic-

tims’ and the NGOs’ security. Nonetheless, the shortage of accommodations is

a huge problem.

67. Christa Stewart, interview, July 20, 2007.

68. Testimony of Ann Jordan, former director, Initiative Against Trafficking

in Persons, Global Rights, before the House Subcommittee on Border, Maritime

and Global Counterterrorism, March 20, 2007, http://homeland.house.gov/

SiteDocuments/20070320165954–38416.pdf, 5–6.

69. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.

70. CarlLa Horton, executive director, Northern Westchester Shelter, inter-

view, October 10, 2007.

71. Testimony of Ann Jordan, 6–7.

72. Lois Lee, interview, July 23, 2007.

73. Florrie Burke, interview, August 3, 2007.

74. Lois Lee, interview, July 23, 2007.

75. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.

76. Bradley Myles, Polaris Project, interview, July 31, 2007.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Mark Lagon, director, TIP Office, interview, October 3, 2007.

80. Carole Smolenski, interview, August 13, 2007.

81. Alison Boak, interview, July 30, 2007.

82. Ibid.

83. Lou de Baca, U.S. House Judiciary Committee, interview, August 14,

2007.

84. Andrea Powell, FAIR Fund, interview, August 8, 2007.

85. Ibid.

86. Lou de Baca, interview, August 14, 2007.

87. Bradley Myles, interview, July 31, 2007.

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N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 0 7 – 1 1 1 / 2 8 7

88. Detective Lieut. Edward P. Reilly, interview, October 17, 2007.

89. Edward J. Schauer and Elizabeth M. Wheaton, “Sex Trafficking into the

United States: A Literature Review,”
Criminal Justice Review
31, no. 1 (2006): 1.

90. Norma Ramos, interview, October 10, 2007.

91. Schauer and Wheaton, “Sex Trafficking,” 2.

92. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women,
Primer on the Male Demand

for Prostitution
(N. Amherst, MA: Coalition Against Trafficking in Women,

2006), http://action.web.ca/home/catw/attach/PRIMER.pdf.

93. Norma Ramos, interview, October 10, 2007.

94. Anthony M. DeStefano,
The War on Human Trafficking: U.S. Policy

Assessed
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 109.

95. William F. McDonald, quoted in Barbara Ann Stolz, “Interpreting the

U.S. Human Trafficking Debate through the Lens of Symbolic Politics,”
Law

and Policy
29 (July 2007): 322.

96. Ethan A. Nadelman, quoted in ibid.

97. Ibid.

98. Ibid., 319.

99. According to Swedish law, the economic and social relationship between

a woman selling sex and a man buying sex is not a relationship that even

approaches equality. The rationale behind the law is that as long as society

remains male dominated, women selling sex will be in a more vulnerable posi-

tion than men buying sex. Men’s right to buy women’s bodies is seen as a form of

male dominance to be resisted and controlled. This law leaves the sale of sex as

legal; it is only the purchase that is made illegal, thus attempting to redress the

imbalance of power between men and women. An official report by the govern-

ment concerning the law explained: “The proposal by the Prostitution Report to

criminalize both buyer and seller has been subjected to extensive criticism by

almost all referral bodies. The government also deems that, even if prostitution

in itself is not a desirable social activity, it is not reasonable to prosecute the

party that, at least in most cases, is the weaker party, exploited by others to sat-

isfy their sexual drive. This is also important if prostitutes are to be encouraged

to get help to leave prostitution and can feel they will not have to worry about the

consequences of having been prostitutes.” Quoted in Maria-Pia Boethius, “The

End of Prostitution in Sweden?” Swedish Institute, October 1999.

100. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.

101. Norma Ramos, interview, October 10, 2007. The validity of these fig-

ures has been questioned by other organizations. DeStefano cites New York

City’s Urban Justice Center’s report that “fewer than 25% of the immigrant

women served by the center’s sex workers project fit the criteria for being labeled

a trafficked person.” DeStefano,
War on Human Trafficking,
115.

102. Stolz, “Interpreting,” 323.

103. Ibid.

104. Ibid., 324.

105. Testimony of Ann Jordan, 1–2.

106. DeStefano,
War on Human Trafficking,
116.

107. Stolz, “Interpreting,” 326.

108. DeStefano,
War on Human Trafficking,
108.

109. Ibid., 109.

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288 / N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 1 1 – 1 1 9

110. Ibid., 128.

111. It is in fact difficult to identify any other policy area where such a

requirement has been made. Any number of advocacy groups, in many areas of

social and environmental policy, call for changing existing laws. The right to

call for a change in law, through peaceful and democratic means, seems to be

clearly guaranteed under the First Amendment to the Constitution. The authors

are adamant in our support for the right to peacefully question and call for

reform of any law or policy within a context of free speech and democratic

process.

112. Testimony of Ann Jordan, 2.

113. Ibid., 3.

114. Florrie Burke, interview, September 13, 2007.

115. DeStefano,
War on Human Trafficking,
129.

116. Jacqueline Berman, “The Left, the Right, and the Prostitute: The

Making of U.S. Antitrafficking in Persons Policy,”
Tulane Journal of

International and Comparative Law
14 (Spring 2006): 274.

117. Quoted in ibid.

118. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.

119. Norma Ramos, interview, October 10, 2007.

120. Mark Lagon, interview, October 3, 2007.

121. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.

122. Ann Jordan, interview, October 24, 2007. The ILO quotes within this

quote are from Lin Lean Lim, “Trafficking, Demand and the Sex Market,”

International Institute for Labour Studies, International Labour Organization, pre-

sented at the International Symposium on Gender at the Heart of Globalization,

March 12, 2007, www.sexworkeurope.org/site/index.php?option=com_docman&

task=cat_view&gid=41&Itemid=198, 7.

123. Untitled, unpublished position paper, Coalition to Abolish Slavery and

Trafficking (CAST), Los Angeles, October 19, 2007.

124. Heather Moore, CAST, interview, September 14, 2007.

5 . N E W B U S I N E S S M O D E L S

1. Quoted in Brian Donahue, “Three Charged in Hair Salon Human

Trafficking Ring,”
Newark Star-Ledger,
September 6, 2007.

2. Quoted in “Authorities: West Africans Used as N.J. Hair-Braiding

Slaves,” AP report, September 9, 2007, NBC10.com, www.nbc10.com/news/

14064841/detail.html?rss=phi&psp=news.