Russia (68 page)
Authors: Philip Longworth
Milev, L.,
17
Minin, Kuzma,
125
Ministry of Finance
see
Government Departments
Ministry for War see Government Departments
Minsk,
297
Mirza Din-Ahmed,
93
Mitaev, AH,
243
Mithridates, King of Pontus,
17
Mogilev,
154
Moldova,
317
monastic movement: and attraction of political centres,
61
; boom in,
50
; as colonization movement,
60
—
1
; and land ownership,
61
; origins,
59
-
60
; popularity of wilderness monasteries,
60
Mongols,
45
-
7
,
70
,
134
,
176
,
179
,
319
;
see
also
Tatars
Montenegro,
221
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,
Baron de la Brède et de,
322
Moscow, Grand Principality of Muscovy,
44
,
171
,
241
,
269
,
297
,
325
; ascendancy
of,
319
; attacks on,
62
-
5
,
66
,
104
,
121
,
122
; bubonic plague in,
141
—
2
; occupied by Napoleon,
193
-
5
; as capital of Soviet Union,
244
; copper riot in,
143
; expansionist policy,
112
; loyalty of provincial nationality elites to,
245
; origins,
48
; power of,
67
,
68
; and princely strife,
49
; railway connections,
213
—
14
; reasons for growth,
52
-
3
; Red Square,
119
-
20
; Russia’s relationship with the Cossacks,
95
; relative importance of,
51
,
52
-
3
; sacked by Tatars,
60
; as seat of Russian Orthodox Church,
50
,
54
,
56
,
60
-
1
; taxation riots in,
139
; territorial expansion,
69
-
74
,
80
; as ‘Third Rome’,
1
,
85
; threatened by Nazis,
255,
256
;
see also
Vladimir-Moscow
Moscow Province,
187
Mozambique,
278
Mozhaisk,
65
Muhammed-Amin,
79
Munich Agreement (1938),
253
Miinnich, Marshal,
172
Muravev-Amurskii, Count N.N.,
217
Murid creed,
203
Muscovy, Grand Principality of Moscow,
53
,
319
—
20
; apanage system in,
61
-
2
,
80
; central/local government,
91
; crisis in,
99
-
106
; development of,
65
-
7
; domestic policies,
109
; economic disasters,
115
-
17
; and emergence of imperialism,
87
—
107
; and extension/strengthening of government authority,
70
—
4
; foreign relations of,
74
-
8
; foundation of,
55
; implication of conquest,
95
—
7
; innovations and changes,
87
—
8
; legacy of,
126
—
7
; and military development,
78
—
9
; Moscow as new power base,
50
; piety in,
57
—
61
; political fractiousness in,
67
; political upheavals in,
117
-
26
; princely rise in,
53
-
5
; regional policies,
110
—
11
; religious problems and concerns,
62
,
64
,
82
-
3
,
89
-
90
,
108
-
9
,
113
-
14
; struggles against restive neighbours,
62
-
5
; Tatar power in,
48
—
51
; teritorial/imperial expansion,
68
-
70
,
81
,
91
-
4
,
97
-
8
,
112
-
13
;
see also
Moscow; Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of
Musketeer Office
(Posolskii prikaz),
109
Muslims
see
Islam
Mussorgsky, Modest,
112
Nadir Shah,
174
Nagorno-Karabakh,
286
Nakhichevan,
204
Napoleon Bonaparte,
188
,
190
,
192
-
5
,
198
Nasser, Gamal Abdel,
278
NATO,
269
,
276
,
277
,
294
,
307
,
308
,
313
,
314
,
315
,
317
,
321
,
324
navy,
151
—
2
,
164
,
166
,
209
; armed rising in,
240
; base in Adriatic,
270
; base in the Crimea,
180
; foreign influence on,
172
; neglect of,
171
-
2
;
successes,
172
Nehru, Pandit,
269
Nelson, Horatio,
209
Nemirov, Ambassador,
170
Nerl river,
44
New Russia
(Novorossiia),
181
,
193
,
198
Nganasans,
176
Nicholas II,
224
,
225
,
231
,
320
; character faults,
232
-
3
; incompetence of,
235
-
6
Nikon Chronicle,
90
Nizhnii-Novgorod,
60
,
62
,
125
,
213
-
14
,
251 Nkrumah, Kwame,
278
NKVD (principle Soviet secret police force),
267
Nogais,
145
North Cape,
97
North Korea,
278
Northern Alliance,
314
Northern Dvina,
63
Novgorod,
23
,
24
,
28
,
31
,
33
,
38
,
41
,
47
,
55
,
62
,
65
,
69
,
72
-
3
,
80
,
148
; capture of,
124
; expansion of,
44
; and the
oprichnina,
103
-
4
; relative importance of,
52
-
3
; Tatar census of,
49
;
untouched by Tatars,
57
Novgorod-Seversk,
118
Novo-Pavlovsk,
171
Novorossiisk,
210
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,
277
Nystad, Treaty of
156
Ochakov,
171
Oder river,
262
Odyssey,
17
Old Ladoga,
23
Oleg (grandson of Riurik),
29
,
30
Oleg (son of Vladimir Monomakh),
43
Olga/Helen (widow of Igor),
27
,
31
,
32
,
34
-
7
Oliphant, Laurence,
209
Onega, Lake,
156
Ordyn-Nashchokin, Afanasii,
147
Orel,
144
Orthodox Church,
319
; and conversion/Christianization under Grand Prince Vladimir,
38
-
40
; established in Moscow,
50
,
54
,
56
,
60
-
1
; finances of,
126
; increased authority of,
109
; independence of,
66
,
109
; and judaizer ‘heresy’,
82
; missionary campaigns,
187
; monastic foundations,
59
—
61
; no official existence in Lithuania,
113
; opposition to the
oprichnina,
103
; persecution of,
178
; in Poland,
183
; and prospect of Latinization,
123
—
4
; as refuge for peasants,
60
; relationship with Ivan the Terrible,
99
-
101
; relationship with the Papacy,
62
,
64
; relationship with princes,
62
,
66
;
role/wealth of,
49
; in Serbia,
204
; support for,
114
; in Ukraine,
143
Ossetia, Ossetians,
94
,
191
,
317
,
325
Ostroumov, N.,
216
Ostrozhsky, Prince Konstantin,
113
-
14
Otrepev, Grigorii,
118
Ottoman Empire,
95
,
99
,
108
,
143
,
170
,
179
,
204
,
206
,
210
,
221
,
320
Ottoman Turkey, Ottoman Turks,
64
,
70
,
94
,
168
,
187
-
8
,
189
,
205
,
221
Pacific,
1
,
4
,
97
,
151
,
160
,
162
,
168
,
208
Pale
of
Settlement,
181
Paleologue family/dynasty,
70
-
1
Palmerston, Henry John Temple,
3
rd Viscount,
206
Pamir mountains,
222
Panin, Count Nikita,
179
Panjshir mountains,
279
Papacy
see
Catholic Church/Papacy
Paskevich, General Ivan,
204
Passchendaele,
235
Patrikeev, Prince I. Iu.,
66
Paul II, Pope,
71
Paul V, Pope,
123
Paulus, General Friedrich von,
258
Pearl Harbor,
257
Pelym,
110
Penza,
198
Pereiaslavets,
37
Pereiaslav-Zalesskii,
51
Perm,
124
Pernau,
156
Perovskaia, Sofia,
228
Persia
see
Iran
Persia, Shah of,
223
Perun (pagan god of thunder),
38
,
39
Petelin, Druzhina Foma,
111
Peter I (Peter the Great),
4
,
168
-
9
,
321
; accession,
151
; Balkan expedition,
157
—
8
; and building of St Petersburg,
150
,
157
; campaigns of,
151
—
2
; Central Asian ambitions,
158
—
60
; childhood,
151
; distrust of Ukrainian Cossack elite,
162
—
3
; expansionist policies,
150
—
1
,
163
-
6
,
168
; female successors to,
169
; as joint ruler with his brother,
146
,
147
,
151
; mythic status of,
150
-
1
; political liaisons,
156
—
7
; and Siberia,
160
—
2
; war with Sweden
152
-
6
