Russia (67 page)

Kaluga,
116
,
122
,
194
,
245

Kama river,
96

Kamchadals,
161
,
199

Kamchatka,
131
,
210

Kankrin, Count E.F.,
207
-
8
,
209

Kant, Immanuel,
326

Kapitsa, Petr,
246
,
279

Karachais,
256

Karakalpaks,
173
,
174

Karasund,
263

Karelia,
108
,
244
,
253
,
273

Karmal, Babrak,
279

Kars,
210
,
222

Kashgar,
222

Kashin, Iurii,
101

Kasianov, Mikhail,
316

Kaytaks,
94

Kazakhs, no,
159
,
174
,
175
,
187
,
216
,
235
,
244
,
248
,
272
,
298
,
325

Kazakhstan,
176
,
244
,
245
,
272
,
273
,
294
,
310

Kazan,
66
,
79
,
84
,
91
-
2
,
95
,
96
,
110
,
111
,
124
,
159

Kazan University,
216

Keith, General,
172

Kennan, George,
266
-
7

Kennedy, John F.,
270
-
1

Kets,
134

Kexholm,
156

KGB,
239
-
40
,
274
,
290
,
292
,
296
,
304
,
311
,
314
;
see also
Cheka; Federal Security Service (FSB); NKVD

Khabarov (Siberian venturer),
226

Khalkhm-Gol,
253

Khanty
see
Ostiaks

Khattab Ibn-ul-,
309
,
313

Khazar empire, Khazars,
22
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
27
-
8
,
37
Kherson,
29

Khiva, Khivans,
158
,
173
,
174
,
216
,
217
Khmelnytsky, Bogdan,
139
,
140
,
143
,
144
Khmelnytsky, Iurii,
143
,
144

Khodorkovskii, Mikhail,
304
,
315
,
316
,
323

Khoja Kokos,
75

Khomiakov, A.S.,
220

Khovanskii, Prince Ivan,
146
,
147

Khrushchev, Nikita,
261
—
2
,
276
,
280
; rise and fall of,
268
-
71

Khvorostinin, Andrei,
112

Khyber Pass,
222

Kiev,
20
,
24
,
28
,
30
,
33
,
38
,
70
,
144
,
262
; ceded to Russia,
147
; feuds over throne of,
41
-
5
; Golden Gate erected,
43
; inhabitants forcibly Christianised,
38
-
9
; known as Riurik’s town,
24
; relative importance of,
51
-
2
; Metropolitan Peter transfers his see to Moscow,
54
; Santa Sophia cathedral in,
39
,
43
; taken by Mongols,
46

Kievan Rus,
22
,
168
,
319
; and apanage system,
41
-
3
; assaults on Constantinople,
28
-
30
,
32
; Byzantine influence on,
34
—
40
,
44
; civil war in,
45
; collapse of,
1
,
45
-
7
,
48
; demographics,
43
—
4
; development of,
27
; economic situation,
44
; and introduction of Christianity,
36
—
40
; laws and politics,
39
-
40
; princely disputes,
41
—
5
; trade and commerce,
3
3
; as Viking-Russian collaboration,
27
-
8

Kinburn,
187

Kipchaks,
42
,
217

Kirillov (governor of Orenburg),
175

Klein, VI.,
111

Kliazma river,
53

Kliuchevskii, Vasilii,
112

Knights of St John,
188

Knights of the Sword (Livonia),
68
,
78
,
80
,
81
,
98
,
104

Knights of the Teutonic Order (Prussia),
98

Kobyle,
81

Kohl, Helmut,
292

Kokand,
216
,
217
,
222

Kolchak, Admiral A.V.,
244

Kolomenskoe,
100
,
101
,
137

Kolomna,
63

Komi,
253

Kondratev, N.D.,
246

Koni,
245

Koniev, General,
257

Konigsberg
see
Kaliningrad

Korea, Koreans,
213
,
216
,
223
,
226
,
230

Korean Timber Company,
233

Koriaks,
161

Kosovo Albanians,
313

Kostroma,
109
,
142

Kostroma river,
48

Krashennikov, Stepan,
161

Krasnovodsk,
222

Kremlin,
1
,
83
,
94
,
100
,
123
,
126
,
137
,
249
,
254
,
275
,
282
,
285
,
286
,
292
,
298
,
307
; Cathedral of the Archangel,
55
; Cathedral of the Assumption,
4
,
50
,
87
; prestige of,
279

Krenz, Egon,
291

Krivichie (early tribal association),
20
,
22

Kromy,
110
,
119

Kronstadt,
172
,
240

Kuban,
191

Kuchum Khan of Sibir,
97

Kudaduk, Prince,
92

Kulikovo, battle of (1380),
50
,
57
,
60
,
69

Kumukhs,
112

Kumyks,
112

Kurbskii, Prince Andrei,
100
,
101

Kurile Islands,
263
,
313

Kuritsyn, Fedor,
82
,
83

Kuritsyn, Ivan Volk,
83

Kursk, battle of, no,
262

Kushk,
222

Kutuzov, Prince M.I.,
193
-
5

Kuznetsk,
251

Kyrgyz,
173
,
174
,
176
,
325

Kyrgyzstan,
325
,
326

Lacy, Marshal,
172

Ladoga,
23
,
156

Lake Baikal,
131
,
209
,
223
,
244

Lake Elton,
173

Lake Ilmen,
24

Lake Ladoga,
108
,
254

Lake Peipus,
81

Laks,
94

land reform, ownership,
211
; and possible distribution to peasants,
236
-
7
; problems concerning,
213
; and serfdom,
106
,
129
-
30
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
227

language and linguistic policy,
14
-
15
,
36
,
164
,
200
,
218
-
21
,
243

Lapps,
176

Laskaris (Byzantine migrants to Russia),
75

later Roman Empire
see
Byzantine Empire

Latvia, Latvians,
163
,
164
,
243
,
245
,
254
,
310

Lazarev, Admiral,
209

legends/fairy tales,
21
-
2
,
27

Lena river,
176

Lenin, V.I.,
237
,
239
,
242

Leningrad,
25
,
256
-
7
,
259
,
268
,
296
;
see also
St Petersburg

Leo X, Pope,
85

Leskov,
198

Leslie, General Alexander,
136
,
141

Letts,
98

Levant,
166
,
205

Levant Company,
174

Lewenhaupt, General A.L.,
154

Lezghins,
94

Ligachev, Yegor,
288

Lithuania, Lithuanians
1
,
49
,
52
,
55
,
56
,
70
,
84
,
96
,
103
,
122
,
125
,
142
,
148
,
219
,
243
,
254
,
286
,
294
,
298
,
325
; attacks on Moscow,
62
-
3
,
66

Little Ice Age: consequences of,
115
—
17
;

see also
climate

Litvinov, Maxim,
263

Liubavskii, Matvei,
52
—
3
,
61
,
67

Liubomirski, Prince J.,
146

Livland,
163
,
197

Livonia,
68
,
79
,
152
,
156
,
187
; war in,
97
-
9
,
104
,
106
,
108

Longworth, J.A.,
206

Louis XI,
89

Louis XIV,
102
,
167

Lushun (Port Arthur),
226
,
231

Lutherans,
163

Lvov (Lviv),
140

Lysenko, Trofim,
279

Macedonia,
222

Machiavelli, Niccolo,
67
,
90

Madagascar,
157

Magnitogorsk,
25
1

Magnus of Denmark, King,
104

Magnus the Good,
40

Maiko, Andrei Fedorovich,
75

Majlis,
223

Makarii, Metropolitan,
100

Malmovskii, General,
257

Mallory, J.,
14

Malta,
188
,
190

Malthus, Thomas,
227

Manchu government,
132

Manchuria,
226
,
230

Mangazeia,
130
—
1

Mansi
see
Voguls,
273

Manstem, Field Marshal von,
257
,
258
,
262

Mansur Usherma, Sheikh,
180

Mao Zedong,
267
,
270

Maria Theresa of Austria,
178

Maria of Tver,
70

Marina (wife of Dmitrii the Pretender no.
1
),
121
,
122
,
126

Maris
see
Cheremis

Maritime Province,
225
,
226

Marselis brothers,
146

Marselius of Hamburg,
90

Marshall Aid programme,
266
-
7

Marx, Karl (Marxism),
228
-
9
,
239
,
261
,
271
,
278

Mary I, Queen of England,
89

Maskhadov, Asian,
309

Masurian Marshes,
154

Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary,
77

Matveyev, Boyar Artamon,
146
,
147

Maximilian, Archduke,
77

Maximilian, Emperor,
76
,
84
-
5

Maximilian II,
94
,
104

Mazepa, Ivan,
155
,
156
,
157
,
162
-
3

Mazurian,
9

Mecklenberg-Schwerin, Duke of,
156

Medici, Lorenzo de,
67
,
89

Mediterranean,
1
,
22
,
23
,
157
,
166
,
168
,
172
,
188
,
269

Medvedev, Roy,
305

Mekhlis, Lev,
256
-
7
,
257

Mengli-Girei (Crimean Khan),
79

Merv,
222

Meshed,
174

Metternich, Prince Clemens,
196

Michael, Tsar,
133
,
134
,
135
-
7

Midas, King of Phrygia,
17

Middle East,
17
,
208
,
270
,
278

Middle Kazakh Horde,
175

Mikhail, Grand Duke,
233
,
236

Mikhail, Grand Prince of Tver,
73
,
74

Milan,
76