Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (238 page)

Osmosis,
25–26
,
26
f
,
32
,
78

Osmotic pressure,
25–26

blood,
334
,
334
f
,
337

driving capillary exchange,
78
,
78
f

plasma, decreased,
118

Ossicles, auditory,
187–188
,
187
f
,
189

Ossification,
382–384

centres,
382–383
,
383
f

Osteoarthritis (OA),
423t
,
424

Osteoblasts,
381
,
382
f

Osteoclasts,
63
,
381

Osteocytes,
38
,
381
,
382

Osteogenesis,
382–384

Osteogenesis imperfecta,
422

Osteoid,
381–382

Osteomalacia,
270
,
272
,
421

Osteomyelitis,
385
,
421

Osteons,
381–382
,
382
f

Osteophytes,
424

Osteoporosis,
421
,
421b

Osteosarcoma,
422

Otic ganglion,
169
f

Otitis, external,
202

Otitis media

acute,
202

chronic,
203

serous,
202–203

Otorrhoea,
202

cerebrospinal fluid,
174

Otosclerosis,
202

Ova (ovum),
13–14
,
14
f
,
438

fertilisation,
14
,
445

Oval window,
187
,
187
f

Ovarian arteries,
100
,
101
f
,
443

Ovarian cycle,
444–445
,
446
f

Ovarian fimbria,
442

Ovarian follicles,
443
,
443
f

Ovarian ligament,
441
f

Ovarian veins,
102

Ovaries,
13
,
442–444

disorders of,
454

endometriosis,
454

functions,
208
,
443–444
,
444
f

structure,
442–443
,
443
f

tumours,
454

Overflow incontinence,
350

Ovulation,
14
,
443
,
443
f
,
445

Ovum
See
Ova

Oxidative phosphorylation,
306
,
307
f
,
308

Oxygen (O
₂
)

in air,
250
t

atoms,
18
,
18
f

capillary exchange,
77
,
77
f

debt,
253
,
412

diffusion,
25

exchange,
250–251
,
251
f

intake of,
11

low levels
See
Hypoxia

partial pressure (
P
O
₂
),
250
t

toxicity,
260

transport in blood,
57
,
59–60
,
251–252

Oxyhaemoglobin,
59–60
,
77
,
251–252

Oxytocin,
7
,
212

in childbirth,
212
,
442

in milk release,
212
,
447

regulation of secretion,
212
,
212
f

synthesis and storage,
210
f
,
212

P

Pacemaker of heart,
83

Pacinian corpuscle,
355
,
355
f
,
356
f

Packed cell volume (PCV),
59
t

Paget's disease,
421

Pain

in inflammation,
369

perception,
151
,
355

referred,
171
f
,
171
t
,
172

somatic,
171–172

spinal cord pathways,
157
t

visceral,
171–172

Palate,
283

cleft,
312
,
312f

hard,
235
,
283
,
284
f

soft,
235
,
283
,
283
f

Palatine bones,
390

Palatoglossal arches,
283
,
283
f

Palatopharyngeal arches,
283
,
283
f

Palmar arches,
92
f
,
98

Palmar digital arteries,
98

Palmar metacarpal arteries,
98

Palmaris longus muscle,
417
f
,
418

Palpebrae (eyelids),
198–199
,
198
f

Palpitations,
66

Pancarditis,
121

Pancreas,
12
,
299–300
,
300
f

autonomic control,
170

blood supply to,
300

diseases of,
323–324

exocrine,
300

islets (endocrine),
217–219
,
300

disorders,
227–229

tumours,
324

Pancreatic duct,
300
,
300
f

Pancreatic juice,
281
,
295–296
,
300

Pancreatitis

acute,
323

chronic,
323–324

Pancytopenia,
67

Panhypopituitarism,
222

Pannus,
423

Pantothenic acid,
272

Papillary muscles,
80–81

Papilloedema,
125
,
173
,
182

Parafollicular cells,
213
,
213
f
,
214

Paralytic ileus,
322

Paranasal (air) sinuses,
235
,
390

function,
391

tumours,
255

Paranasal sinusitis,
254

Paraquat poisoning,
259

Parasympathetic nervous system,
167
,
168–169
,
169
f

alimentary tract innervation,
281
,
282
f

cardiovascular control,
83
,
88
,
88
t

effects of stimulation,
169–170
,
169
f

neurotransmitters,
143
f

postganglionic neurones,
169
,
169
f

preganglionic neurones,
168–169
,
169
f

sacral outflow,
168–169

Parathyroid glands,
213
,
214–215
,
215
f

disorders,
224

Parathyroid hormone (PTH),
215

deficiency,
224

excess secretion,
224

functions,
215
,
335
,
338
,
384

Paratyphoid fever,
317f
,
318

Paraventricular nucleus,
210
f

Parietal bone,
386
,
388
f

Parietal cells,
291
,
291
f

Parietal layer,
40

Parietal lobe,
148
,
150
f

Parieto-occipital sulcus,
148
,
150
f

Parieto-occipitotemporal area, cerebral cortex,
152

Parkinson's disease (PD),
176–177
,
176f

Parotid glands,
286

Passive transport,
25
,
32

Pasta,
266