Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (55 page)

Kuka AG,
10

Kura sushi restaurant chain,
14–15

Kurzweil, Ray,
78
,
233
,
234–235
,
237

labor

organized,
57–58

role in economy,
279

share of national income,
38–39
,
41
,
56
,
58

See also
workers/workforce

Lanier, Jaron,
77

Law, Legislation and Liberty
(Hayek),
257–258

law school bubble,
173n

LeCun, Yann,
231

legal discovery, trends in,
124–125

Lehman, Betsy,
149

leisure time, basic income guarantee and,
263

Leno, Jay,
177

Levy, Steven,
85

liability

autonomous cars and,
183–184
,
186
,
190

health care,
150
,
150n

Lickel, Charles,
96

The Lights in the Tunnel
(Ford),
xiii
,
60
,
264

Lipson, Hod,
108
,
109
,
110
,
180

liquidity trap,
218n

London Symphony Orchestra,
111

London taxi drivers,
209n

long-tail distribution, in Internet sector,
76–78

long-term unemployment,
ix
,
xvi
,
45–46
,
211
,
280

Los Angeles Angels,
83

low-wage jobs, automation and,
26–27

Luddites,
31
,
33
,
256

machine essay grading,
129–131

machine intelligence,
72
,
75
,
80
.
See also
artificial intelligence

machine learning,
89–92
,
100–101
,
107–115
,
129–131
.
See also
deep learning

machines

education and collaboration with,
121–128

evolving beyond tools to become workers,
256–257

humans merging with,
121–128
,
234–235

relationship with workers,
xii

Macintosh OS,
6

Maguire, Eleanor,
209n

malpractice, artificial intelligence and,
150

Manhattan College,
235

Manjoo, Farhad,
153
,
172

Mankiw, N. Gregory,
116
,
117

manufacturing

3D printing and,
177–180

jobs in,
8–12
,
54–55

Marcus, Gary,
231
,
237

market

health care as dysfunctional,
161–174

as renewable resource,
264–267

Markoff, John,
32n
,
132
,
188

Maryland, all-payer approach and,
167–168

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), edX and,
133
,
137

master’s degree in computer science, MOOC-based,
134–135

Match.com
,
89

Matrix Reloaded
(film),
74–75

Mayo Clinic,
148–149

McAfee, Andrew,
60
,
122

McDonald’s,
13–14
,
15
,
210

MD Anderson Cancer Center,
102
,
147–148

MD Buyline Inc.,
103

“Mechanical Turk” service,
125n

median household income,
35

Medicaid,
158
,
168
,
168n

medical sensors,
159–160

Medicare,
158
,
160
,
165
,
167
,
168
,
170–171
,
222

medicine

artificial intelligence in,
147–153

repurposing Watson as diagnostic tool,
102–103

See also
health care

MEDLINE,
147

Melnik, Mark,
220

Melomics Media, Inc.,
111–112

men, labor force participation and,
42

Mercedes-Benz,
183

microprocessor, effect of,
68

Microsoft,
4
,
51
,
104
,
105
,
189n
,
279

Microsoft Windows,
6
,
7
,
139

middle class, effect of digital economy and long-tail distribution in,
77–78

middle-class jobs, disappearance of,
49–51

minimum wage,
209

mobile devices, as self-service retail tools,
19–20

mobile phones, effect on living standards,
78–79

Model T,
80

Momentum Machines, Inc.,
12–13

monetary policy,
217–218

MOOCs (massive open online courses),
132–135
,
277

cheating and plagiarism and,
136–137

college credit, competency-based credentials and,
135–139

as disruption of higher education model,
141–144

effectiveness of,
133–134

offshoring and,
144

Moore, Gordon,
237

Moore’s Law,
xii–xiii
,
63–64
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
80
,
231

Mother Jones
(magazine),
188

Motor Trend
(magazine),
185

Murray, Charles,
262

Myers, P. Z.,
237

Myrdal, Gunnar,
30

NAFTA.
See
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

nano-filters,
245

Nanosystems
(Drexler),
242

nanotechnology,
70n
,
241–248

Narrative Science, Inc.,
84–86
,
144

narrative-writing machine,
84–86

narrow artificial intelligence,
229–230

National Bureau of Standards and Technology,
90
,
99

National Climate Assessment,
282–283

National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress,
32–33

National Institute for Health Care Management,
162

National Institute of Informatics,
127

National Library of Medicine,
147

National Medal of Technology,
234

National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI),
242–243

National Science Foundation,
80

National Security Agency,
231n

National Transportation Safety Board,
185

natural laws, system independently discovering,
108–109

Nature
(journal),
114

Neiman, Brent,
41

Netflix,
16
,
89

Netscape,
107

neural networks, artificial,
90–92
.
See also
deep learning

New England Journal of Medicine
(journal),
152

newspaper articles, automated,
84–86

New Yorker
(magazine),
186
,
231

New York Times
(newspaper),
8
,
31
,
32n
,
88
,
132
,
133
,
160
,
188
,
203
,
256
,
281–282

Ng, Andrew,
133

Nike,
11–12

Nintendo,
3–4

Nixon, Richard M.,
34

NNI.
See
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
55

Northwestern University,
84

Norvig, Peter,
132
,
135
,
139