Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (54 page)

SyNAPSE,
80n

Watson,
20
,
96–104
,
104
,
106
,
118
,
147–148
,
229–230

immigration,
26
,
271

virtual,
116–117

immortality, Singularity and,
235
,
236

Inc.
(magazine),
234

incentives

basic income guarantee and,
261–264

economic,
279

income

consumer behavior and reduced,
210–211

decline in, for recent college graduates,
48–49

distribution preferred by American public,
47

national, share going to labor,
38–39
,
41
,
56
,
58

ratio to debt,
199–200

retirement,
222

See also
basic income guarantee

income inequality,
xvi–xvii

consumer spending and,
198–202

economic growth and,
212–215

economists on,
202–206

financialization and,
56

increase in,
xi–xii
,
46–48
,
212–215

politics as driver of,
57

income stagnation, economic effects of,
215–220

The Independent
(newspaper),
229

India,
120

Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
245

Indonesia,
11

Industrial Perception, Inc.,
2
,
3
,
5
,
21n

industrial robots,
1–5
,
10–11

inflation, relation between wages and productivity and,
38n

informal economy,
77–78

information technology,
xvi

acceleration of,
52
,
63–65

characteristics of,
69–73

cloud computing and jobs in,
106

cognitive capability of,
72
,
73

comparative advantage and,
73–75

compared to electrification,
72–73
,
176

disruption of higher education and,
139–144

economic trends and,
58–61

financial sector growth and,
56–57

funding of basic research for,
80–81

as general-purpose technology,
72

health care sector and,
145–147

lack of broad-based progress and,
64–65

moral questions regarding,
79–81

S-curves,
68
,
69–70

winner-take-all distribution and,
75–79

See also
artificial intelligence (AI)
;
Moore’s Law

infrastructure, investment in public,
276

innovation,
1–8
,
51–58
,
65

In Our Hands: A Plan to Replace the Welfare State
(Murray),
262–263

In-Q-Tel,
85

Inside Higher Ed
(website),
136

Instagram,
175
,
176

Institute of Medicine,
149

Intel,
70n

intelligence

machine,
72
,
75
,
80

replication of,
75

super-intelligence,
236
,
236n

Intelligent Information Laboratory (Northwestern University),
84

intelligent vending machines and kiosks,
17–19

International Federation of Robotics,
3

International Labour Organisation,
181

International Monetary Fund,
214
,
215

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS),
69

Internet

beginning of,
52

big data and,
86

corporations spawned by,
75–76

effect on thinking ability,
254

income opportunities and,
76

medical resources on,
148

winner-take-all distribution and,
75–79

Internet sector,
76–78

investment

in labor-savings technology,
227–228

in public infrastructure,
276

recessions and,
227

iPad/iPod,
17–18
,
179

iPhone,
79
,
161

iRobot,
5

I-Sur project,
154–155

Italy,
41
,
221

ITRS.
See
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS)

Jaimovich, Nir,
49
,
50

Japan

automated harvesting in,
24

elder care robots in,
155
,
156–157

graying workforce and,
221
,
222

labor’s share of national income in,
41

Jefferson, Thomas,
259n

Jennings, Ken,
96
,
99
,
101

Jensen, Robert,
78

Jeopardy!
(television program), Watson and,
xiv
,
96–101
,
104

job creation,
xi

by decade,
44

diminishing,
43–44

following Great Recession,
280

information technology and,
176

Internet companies
vs.
automotive industry and,
76

keeping pace with population growth,
26
,
44
,
249

jobless recoveries,
44–46
,
52
,
280

job-market polarization,
50–51
,
53

jobs

disappearance of middle-class,
49

low-wage,
26–27

part-time,
49–51

purchasing power and,
xvii
,
197

reshoring and manufacturing,
8–12

See also
employment
;
knowledge-based jobs
;
white-collar jobs

Jobs, Steve,
161

Johns Hopkins,
133

Johnson, Lyndon,
29
,
31
,
32–33
,
258

Jones, Charles I.,
265
,
266

Joy, Bill,
243–244

Kaiser Health News
,
164

Kaku, Michio,
247

Karabarbounis, Loukas,
41

Kasparov, Garry,
xiv
,
97
,
122
,
239

Kennedy, John F.,
249–250
,
280

Kerala sardine fisherman, mobile phones and,
78–79

Keynes, John Maynard,
38
,
206

Khan Academy,
132–133

Khoshnevis, Behrokh,
180

Kinect,
4–5
,
7
,
105

King, Martin Luther, Jr.,
29–30
,
250

kiosks, intelligent,
17–19

Kiva Systems,
16

K’NEX,
5–6

knowledge-based jobs

automation of,
85–86

big data and,
93–96

collaboration with machines and,
121–128

See also
white-collar jobs

Koller, Daphne,
133

Koza, John,
110

Kroger Company,
17

Krueger, Alan,
119

Krugman, Paul,
60
,
203–204
,
204n
,
205