Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (50 page)

6
. Steven Brint, “The Educational Lottery,”
Los Angeles Review of Books,
November 15, 2011,
http://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/the-educational-lottery
.

7
. Nicholas Carr, “Transparency Through Opacity” (blog),
Rough Type,
May 5, 2014,
http://www.roughtype.com/?p=4496
.

8
. Erik Brynjolfsson, “Race Against the Machine,” presentation to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), May 3, 2013,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/PCAST_May3_Erik%20Brynjolfsson.pdf
, p. 28.

9
. Claire Cain Miller and Chi Birmingham, “A Vision of the Future from Those Likely to Invent It,”
New York Times
(The Upshot), May 2, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/05/02/upshot/FUTURE.html
.

10
. F. A. Hayek,
Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 3: The Political Order of a Free People
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), pp. 54–55.

11
. Ibid., p. 55.

12
. John Schmitt, Kris Warner, and Sarika Gupta, “The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, June 2010,
http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/incarceration-2010–06.pdf
.

13
. John G. Fernald and Charles I. Jones, “The Future of US Economic Growth,”
American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings
104, no. 5 (2014): 44–49,
http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.104.5.44
.

14
. Sam Peltzman, “The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation,”
Journal of Political Economy
83, no. 4 (August 1975),
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1830396?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21103816422091
.

15
. Hanna Rosin, “The Overprotected Kid,”
The Atlantic,
March 19, 2014,
http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/03/hey-parents-leave-those-kids-alone/358631/
.

16
. “Improving Social Security in Canada, Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper,” Government of Canada, 1994,
http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/ssrgai.htm
.

17
. One analysis of costs and potential offsets from programs that could be eliminated is here: Danny Vinik, “Giving All Americans a Basic Income Would End Poverty,”
Slate,
November 17, 2013,
http://www.slate.com/blogs/business_insider/2013/11/17/american_basic_income_an_end_to_poverty.html
.

18
. Noah Smith, “The End of Labor: How to Protect Workers from the Rise of Robots,”
The Atlantic,
January 14, 2013,
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/01/the-end-of-labor-how-to-protect-workers-from-the-rise-of-robots/267135/
.

19
. Nelson D. Schwartz, “217,000 Jobs Added, Nudging Payrolls to Levels Before the Crisis,”
New York Times,
June 6, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/07/business/labor-department-releases-jobs-data-for-may.html
.

C
ONCLUSION

1
. Shawn Sprague, “What Can Labor Productivity Tell Us About the U.S. Economy?,” US Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Beyond the Numbers
3, no. 12 (May 2014),
http://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/pdf/what-can-labor-productivity-tell-us-about-the-us-economy.pdf
.

2
. National Climate Assessment, “Welcome to the National Climate Assessment,”
Global
Change.gov
,
n.d.,
http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/
.

3
. Stephen Lacey, “Chart: 2/3rds of Global Solar PV Has Been Installed in the Last 2.5 Years,”
GreenTechMedia.com
,
August 13, 2013,
http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/chart-2–3rds-of-global-solar-pv-has-been-connected-in-the-last-2.5-years
.

4
. Lauren Feeney, “Climate Change No Problem, Says Futurist Ray Kurzweil,”
The Guardian,
February 21, 2011,
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/21/ray-kurzweill-climate-change
.

5
. “Climate Change in the American Mind: Americans’ Global Warming Beliefs and Attitudes in April 2013,” Yale Project on Climate Change Communication/George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication,
http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/files/Climate-Beliefs-April-2013.pdf
.

6
. Rebecca Riffkin, “Climate Change Not a Top Worry in U.S.,”
Gallup Politics,
March 12, 2014,
http://www.gallup.com/poll/167843/climate-change-not-top-worry.aspx
.

INDEX

ABB Group,
10

accelerometer,
4–5

ACFR.
See
Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR)

adaptive learning systems,
143

Adenhart, Nick,
83

Ad Hoc Committee on the Triple Revolution,
30–31

administrative costs, higher education,
140–141

Aethon, Inc.,
154

Affordable Care Act,
151
,
165
,
167n
,
168n
,
204
,
279

aging populations,
xvii
,
220–223
,
224

agriculture,
ix
,
x–xi
,
23–26

AI.
See
artificial intelligence (AI)

“AI winters,”
231

Alaska, annual dividend,
268

algorithms

acceleration in development of,
71

automated trading,
56
,
113–115

increasing efficiency of,
64

machine learning,
89
,
93
,
100–101
,
107–115
,
130–131

threat to jobs,
xv
,
85–86

alien invasion parable,
194–196
,
240

“All Can Be Lost: The Risk of Putting Our Knowledge in the Hands of Machines” (Carr),
254

all-payer ceiling,
168–169

all-payer rates,
167–169

Amazon.com
,
16–17
,
76
,
89

artificial intelligence and,
231

cloud computing and,
104–105
,
107

delivery model,
190
,
190n

“Mechanical Turk” service,
125n

AMD (Advanced Micro Devices),
70n

American Airlines,
179

American Hospital Association,
168

American Motors,
76

Andreesen, Marc,
107

Android,
6
,
21
,
79
,
121

Apple, Inc.,
17
,
20
,
51
,
92
,
106–107
,
279

Apple Watch,
160

apps, difficulty in monetizing,
79

Arai, Noriko,
127–128

Aramco,
68

Ariely, Dan,
47n

Arrow, Kenneth,
162
,
169

art, machines creating,
111–113

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI),
231–233

dark side of,
238–241

the Singularity and,
233–238

artificial intelligence (AI),
xiv

arms race and,
232
,
239–240

in medicine,
147–153

narrow,
229–230

offshoring and,
118–119

warnings concerning dangers of,
229

See also
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
;
automation
;
information technology

Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Stanford University),
6

artificial neural networks,
90–92
.
See also
deep learning

The Atlantic
(magazine),
71
,
237
,
254
,
273

AT&T,
135
,
159
,
166

Audi,
184

Australian agriculture,
x–xi
,
24–25

Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR),
24–25

AutoDesk,
234

automated invention machines,
110

automated trading algorithms,
56
,
113–115

automation

alien invasion parable,
194–196
,
240

anti-automation view,
253–257

cars and (
see
autonomous cars
)

effect on Chinese manufacturing,
3
,
10–11
,
225–226

effect on prices,
215–216

health care jobs and,
172–173

information technology and,
52

job-market polarization and,
50–51

low-wage jobs and,
26–27

offshoring as precursor to,
115
,
118–119