Restless Empire (77 page)

Palmerston (Lord),
41
,
42

Parker, Peter,
75

Parliamentary republic,
140

Pearl Harbor,
266
,
267

Peasant associations,
156

Peking University,
13
,
73
,
132
,
191
,
205
,
309
,
458

Peng Dehuai,
354

Penghu islands,
103

People’s Action Party,
222–223

People’s Consultative Conference,
292

The People’s Daily (Renmin ribao)
(newspaper),
355
,
397

People’s Liberation Army (PLA),
233
,
290

fear of on Taiwan,
391–392

modernization of,
306–308
,
402–403

People’s Republic of China (PRC)

developing global foreign policy,
465–469

founding of,
291–292

isolation of,
363

political reform and,
380–384

relations with Chinese states,
441–444

social inequality in,
389
,
447–448

Third World and,
341–343
,
346
,
350–353

US and,
365–367
,
373–377

war with Vietnam,
374

People’s Republic of Mongolia,
429

People’s University,
309

Pereira, Tomas,
11

Peru,
27
,
226–227

Philadelphia Press
(newspaper),
130

Philippines,
213
,
217
,
219
,
418–419

Picasso, Pablo,
203

Pickering, William,
221

Piry, Théophile,
194

PLA.
See
People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

Plato,
5

Pluralism, Chinese,
450

Political reform in PRC,
380–384
,
449

Pol Pot,
371
,
374
,
407
,
408

Portsmouth Treaty,
111–112

Powell, Colin,
401

PRC.
See
People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Presidential republic,
140

Protestantism in China,
190
,
452–453

Public hygiene,
74–75

Putin, Vladimir,
428

Puyi,
54
,
123
,
250–251
,
283

Qianlong (emperor),
8
,
9
,
12
,
19
,
22
,
37–38

Qian Xuesen,
244

Qiaoxiang,
220–221

Qilu University,
190–191

Qing China

British and French attacks against,
50–51
,
56–57

collapse of,
145–151

defeat in Sino-Japanese war,
104–106

defeat of rebels,
49
,
50

diplomacy and,
82–84

education in,
70–73

following death of Qianlong,
19–20

foreign presence in,
84–86

foreign trade and,
35–41

governmental reform of,
135–137

in late 18th century,
20–24

map of empire,
x–xi

Opium War and,
41–46

overview,
6–12

rebellion against,
44–49

revolution of 1911 and formation of republic,
137–142

Russia and,
33–34

Self-strengthening Movement,
54
,
67
,
71
,
90–91

war with France,
57–58

Qingdao,
62

Qinghua University,
73
,
132
,
309

Qingliu Dang,
100

Qing New Policy,
136

qipao,
178–179

Qiu Jin,
208

Qu Qiubai,
207

Rabe, John,
259

Racism

Chinese immigrants and,
223–225
,
235

relations between China and rest of world and,
324
,
325–326

Railways,
185–186

Rao, Narasimha,
434

Rape of Nanjing,
259–261

Reagan, Ronald,
374–375
,
381

Rectification campaign,
287
,
302

Red Guards,
354
,
355
,
356
,
357

Refugees, in China,
175

Religion,
189–192

CCP and,
326

militant indigenous,
46–49

Tonghak,
99

See also
Missionaries

Religious revivalists,
451
,
452–453

Republicanism,
107
,
108
,
140

Republic of China,
141–142
,
169

Warlord Era,
142–143
,
144

Republic of Taiwan,
112–113

Rittenberg, Sidney,
355–356

Robertson, Walter,
324

Rockefeller Foundation,
190

Roh Moo-hyun,
411

Rong Hong (Yung Wing),
72

Rong Shangqian,
72–73

Rong Yiren,
243

Rong Zhijian,
243

Roosevelt, Franklin,
257–258
,
264
,
266
,
268–269
,
279
,
280

Roosevelt, Theodore,
111

Rothkegel, Curt,
177

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques,
94

Rules, Chinese use of,
5
,
6

Russia

China and modern,
426–429

foreign relations with,
33–34

Manchuria and,
57
,
117–118

Mongolia and,
147
,
148

Qing dynasty and,
10–11

Russo-Japanese War,
110–112

trade with,
36

Rybalko, Pavel,
197–198

Ryukyu islands,
79–80

Saburo, Yamada,
94–95

Saigo Takamori,
96–97

St. John’s University,
132

Salt Administration,
193

Salt Inspectorate,
194

Sang, Gaston Tong,
229

Sassoon, Victor,
177

Scarborough Shoal,
422

Schwartz, Benjamin,
3

Science,
71
,
94
,
205–206

SCO.
See
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

Scott, Walter,
177

Scowcroft, Brent,
382–383

Self-strengthening Movement,
54
,
67
,
71
,
90–91

SEZ.
See
Special economic zone (SEZ)

Shandong,
115–116
,
133

Shandong revival,
191

Shanghai,
55

banks in,
66

Britain and,
165

Chinese modernity and,
180–183

civil war and,
290

as commercial capital,
443

concessions in,
62

demonstrations in,
161

foreigners in,
172
,
173

modern architecture in,
177

Sino-Japanese War and,
257

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO),
430–431

Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill,
67

Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury
(newspaper),
181

Shanghai Group,
33

Shanghai Municipal Council,
180–181

Shanghai Polytechnic,
75

Shaw, George Bernard,
202

Shell,
184

Shenbao
(magazine),
178
,
181

Sheng Shicai,
150
,
253

Shenyang,
172

Shenzhen,
377

Shinawatras,
220

Sichuan,
22
,
144
,
290

Sincere Department Store,
182–183
,
243

Singapore,
55

China and,
419–420
,
441
,
442

Chinese immigrants in,
221–223

Japanese invasion of,
266

as regional trade hub,
66

Singer Sewing Machines,
184

Sino-British War (Opium War),
41–43

Sino-centric system,
10
,
95

dismantling of,
79–81

Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895),
100–103

Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945),
247–249
,
257–280

Sino-Vietnamese war of 1979,
407–408

Sneevliet, Hendricus,
198

Snow, Edgar,
368

Social-Darwinism,
86

Social-imperialism,
357

Socialism, Sun Yat-sen and,
155

Social stratification in China,
389
,
447–448

Soejima Taneomi,
92

Song Jiaoren,
143–144

Song Meiling,
240

Song Ong Siang (Song Wangxiang),
221

Song Qingling,
154
,
240

Soong, Charlie (Song Jiashu),
154

South China Sea, China’s claims in,
421–422
,
425

disputed territories,
423

Southeast Asia

China and,
418–419
,
460–461

as destination for Chinese emigrants,
213
,
215
,
216–221

trade with and within,
65–66

South Korea (Republic of Korea)

China and,
406
,
410–411
,
412–413
,
460

government control of economy in,
445–446

Soviet advisers,
193
,
301
,
305–307
,
309–310
,
339

military,
306–307

nationalities’ policy,
316–318

Soviet model

for education,
308–311

for military,
306–308

Soviet Union

advice from CCP,
328–329

as Chinese ally during war with Japan,
258

Chinese civil war and,
290

Chinese condemnation of,
357–360

Chinese students in,
238–239
,
241

Communism of,
285–286

Communist China and,
292–293
,
304–306
,
337–341
,
343–346

Cuba and,
352–353

Cultural Revolution and,
354–355

effect of collapse on China,
427–428
,
429–430

Great Leap Forward and,
336–337

Guomindang and,
157–160
,
166–167

Mao and,
329–330
,
360–362