Restless Empire (71 page)

40
. Mao Zedong,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao
[Mao Zedong’s Manuscripts since the Founding of the People’s Republic], vol. 6, 630–644.

CHAPTER 9: CHINA ALONE

1
. Frank Dikötter,
Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962
(New York: Walker, 2010).

2
. Mao Zedong,
Mao Zedong waijiao wenxuan
[Selected Diplomatic Papers of Mao Zedong] (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian, 1994), 223–224.

3
. “Memorandum of Conversation of N. S. Khrushchev with Mao Zedong, Beijing, 2 October 1959,”
Cold War International History Bulletin
, no. 12/13 (2001): 269.

4
. “Lieningzhuyi wansui! [Long Live Leninism!],”
Hongqi
(April 22, 1960).

5
. Tang Zhennan et al.,
Liu Shaoqi yu Mao Zedong
[Liu Shaoqi and Mao Zedong] (Changsha: Hunan renmin, 1998), 357.

6
.
The Chairman insisted:
Stuart R. Schram,
Chairman Mao Talks to the People: Talks and Letters, 1956–1971
, first American ed. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1975), 192.
“On whether or not revisionism”:
Xiao Donglian et al.,
Qiusuo Zhongguo: “wenge” qian shinian shi
[Exploring China: The History of the Ten Years before the Cultural Revolution] (Beijing, 1999), 1000.
Zhou continued:
Zhou Enlai’s speech at the Tenth Plenum, 26 September 1962, quoted in Yang Kuisong,
Changes in Mao Zedong’s Attitude toward the Indochina War, 1949–1973
, Cold War International History Project Working Paper 34 (Washington, DC: Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2002).

7
. Mao Zedong,
Mao Zedong Poems
(Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1998). The poem was completed 9 January 1963.

8
. John Garver, “China’s Decision for War with India in 1962,” in
New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy
, ed. Alaistair Ian Johnston and Robert S. Ross (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).

9
. Shi Bo, ed.,
ZhongYin dazhan jishi
[Record of Events in the Big China-India War] (Beijing: Dadi, 1993), 189.

10
. Deng Xiaoing’s introduction 8 July 1963, in Records of meetings of the CPSU and CCP delegations, Moscow 5–20 July 1963, Aktenband 696, Bestandssignatur DY J IV 2/201, Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der ehemaligen DDR im Bundesarchiv, Berlin.

11
. Sergey Radchenko,
Two Suns in the Heavens: The Sino-Soviet Struggle for Supremacy, 1962–1967
(Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2009), 112–113.

12
.
Now China had its own:
It took another twenty years, though, before China got missiles that could threaten western Russia or the continental United States, Dongfeng (East Wind) 5, of which there are still about twenty on active service.
In October 1965 he told:
A Concise History of the Communist Party of China,
ed. Hu Shi (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1994), 318.

13
. Lin Biao,
Long Live the Victory of People’s War,
at
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/lin-biao/1965/09/peoples_war/ch08.htm
.

14
. Record of conversation, Zhou Enlai and Pham Van Dong, 9 October 1965, Odd Arne Westad et al., eds.,
77 Conversations Between Chinese and Foreign Leaders on the Wars in Indochina, 1964–1977
, Working Paper 22 (Washington, DC: Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1998).

15
. Record of conversation, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Kang Sheng, Le Duan, and Nguyen Duy Trinh, 13 April 1966, in ibid.

16
. All quotes from Bernd Schaefer,
North Korean “Adventurism” and China’s Long Shadow, 1966–1972
, Working Paper 44 (Washington, DC: Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2004), 6–9.

17
. Record of conversation, Mao Zedong and Head of Indonesian Congress, 9 June 1964, 105-01336-02, Chinese Foreign Ministry Archives (CFMA), Beijing. I am grateful to Zhou Taomo for alerting me to this document and those below.

18
.
In his meeting with:
Record of conversation, Mao Zedong and Indonesian President Sukarno, 13 June 1961, 204-01469-02, CFMA.
In January 1963, Liu:
Briefing on Subandrio’s visit, 13 January 1963, 204-01504-01, CFMA.

19
.
The Chinese saw:
British relations with India and Malaysia, 31 January 1964, 110-01696-03, CFMA.
China therefore increasingly:
Record of conversation, Luo Ruiqing and an Indonesian military delegation, 24 January 1965, 105-01910-07; record of conversation, Yao Zhongming - Subandrio], 11 February 1965, 105-01319-05, both CFMA.

20
.
The Chinese advice:
Alaba Ogunsanwo,
China’s Policy in Africa 1958–71
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
The Chinese embassy in Algeria:
Quoted from Jeremy Friedman, “Reviving Revolution: The Sino-Soviet Split, the ‘Third World,’ and the Fate of the Left” (PhD dissertation, Princeton University, 2011), ch. 3.

21
. Statement by Fidel Castro Ruz,
Prensa Latina
, 6 February 1966 at
http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1966/19660206.html
.

22
.
The Hitlerites could:
Quoted from Friedman, “Reviving Revolution,” ch. 3.
When they tried to issue:
Radchenko,
Two Suns in the Heavens
, 193.

23
.
“A dictatorship of the bourgeoisie”:
Renmin ribao
, 4 June 1967.
“The Mongolian revisionists”:
Michael Schoenhals, ed.,
China’s Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996).

24
. Anne-Marie Brady, “Red and Expert: China’s ‘Foreign Friends’ in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969,” in
China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: Master Narratives and Post-Mao Counternarratives
, ed. Woei Lien Chong (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 121.

25
. “Interrogation record: Wang Guangmei, 10 April 1967,” in Schoenhals,
China’s Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969
, 105–106.

26
. Ma Jisen,
The Cultural Revolution in the Foreign Ministry of China
(Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2004), 108.

27
. Sergey Radchenko, “The Sino-Soviet Split,” in
The Cambridge History of the Cold War
, ed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 349–372.

28
. Barry Naughton, “The Third Front: Defence Industrialization in the Chinese Interior,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 115 (September 1988): 351–386.

29
. Yang Su, “Mass Killings in the Cultural Revolution: A Study of Three Provinces,” in
The Chinese Cultural Revolution as History
, ed. Joseph Esherick, Paul Pickowicz, and Andrew G. Walder (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 96–123. For a more sensationalist account, see Zheng Yi,
Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China
(Boulder: Westview Press, 1998).

30
. “Mao Zedong’s Speech at the First Plenary Session of the CCP’s Ninth Central Committee,”
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
, no. 11 (n.d.): 163–165.

31
. “Conversation between Mao Zedong and E. F. Hill, 28 November 1968,”
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
, no. 11 (n.d.): 157–161.

32
. “The CCP Central Committee’s Order for General Mobilization in Border Provinces and Regions, 28 August 1969,”
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
, no. 11 (n.d.): 168–69.

33
.
[But] both China:
“Report by Four Chinese Marshals—Chen Yi, Ye Jianying, Xu Xiangqian, and Nie Rongzhen, to the Central Committee, ‘A Preliminary Evaluation of the War Situation’ (excerpt), 11 July 1969,”
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
, no. 11 (n.d.): 166–168.
“It is necessary for us”:
Personal Appendix to Marshals’ Report, Chen Yi, 17 Sept. 1969.
Over the two years:
Gordon S. Barrass,
The Art of Calligraphy in Modern China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 98.

CHAPTER 10: CHINA’S AMERICA

1
.
But China’s leaders concluded:
Gong Li, “Chinese Decision Making and the Thawing of U.S.-China Relations,” in
Re-Examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973
, ed. Robert S. Ross and Changbin Jiang (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001), 346.
Kissinger said that:
Kissinger, Briefing of White House Staff, 19 July 1971, box 1036, China-General July-Oct 1971, NSC files, Nixon Presidential Papers Project, Washington, DC.
Mao was less fulsome:
Mao Zedong and Pham Van Dong, Beijing, 23 September 1970, in Westad et al.,
77 Conversations Between Chinese and Foreign Leaders on the Wars in Indochina, 1964–1977
, 175.

2
. Uniquely among West European countries, France has had ambassadorial-level diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China since 1964.

3
.
In agriculture, industry, technology:
Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China
(Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981).
In that process:
“Muqian de xingshi he renwu [The Present Situation and Tasks],” 16 January 1980,
Deng Xiaoping wenxuan
[Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping], vol. 2 (Beijing: Xinhua, 1983).

4
. Han Suyin, ironically, had herself been a chief apologist for Mao’s Cultural Revolution; see her two books
Wind in the Tower: Mao Tse-tung and the Chinese Revolution, 1949–75
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1976) and
Lhasa, the Open City: Journey to Tibet
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1977).

5
. Li Jie, “China’s Domestic Politics and the Normalization of Sino-US Relations, 1969–1979,” in
Normalization of U.S.-China Relations: An International History
, ed. William C. Kirby, Robert S Ross, and Li Gong, Harvard East Asian monographs 254 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2005), 79.

6
.
“Wherever the Soviet Union sticks”:
Record of conversation, Carter and Deng, 29 January 1979, China, box 9, Geographic File, Brzezinski Collection, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta (hereafter JCPL).
Zhang said, “We are glad”:
Record of conversation, Zhang Aiping and Harold Brown, 8 January 1980, box 69, Sullivan - Subject File, Staff Material-Far East, Collection 26, National Security Affairs, Presidential Papers, JCPL.
Deng himself put it plainly:
Deng’s meeting with the Cabinet, 31 January 1979, China, box 9, Geographic File, Brzezinski Collection, JCPL.

7
. Morrow to Reagan, 30 November 1981, Meese Files, box 19, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, CA (hereafter RRPL).

8
. Statement on United States Arms Sales to Taiwan, 17 August 1982, The Public Papers of the President: Ronald Reagan, 1981–1989, at
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/publicpapers.html
.

9
. Liu Xiaobo, Zhou Duo, Hou Dejian, and Gao Xin, “June 2 Declaration,” in Suzanne Ogden,
China’s Search for Democracy: The Student and the Mass Movement of 1989
(Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992), 358–359.

10
. State Department document 29 June 1989, copy held at the National Security Archive, Washington, DC (hereafter NSecArch).

11
.
Deng Xiaoping wenxuan
, vol. 3.

12
. Excerpts from Talks Given in Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai, 18 January–21 February 1992, in
Deng Xiaoping wenxuan
, vol. 3.

13
.
Renmin ribao
, 14 September 2009.

14
. “China Quick Facts,” at
http://www.worldbank.org/
.

15
.
Huanqiu shibao
, 23 June 2010.

16
. See UNDP’s Human Development Report 2010, at
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/
.

17
. TVBS Poll Center, March 2009, at
http://www.tvbs.com.tw/FILE_DB/DL_DB/yijung/200905/yijung-20090508145032.pdf
. Accessed February 2011.

18
. Robert Suettinger,
Beyond Tian’anmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989–
2000
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), 87.

19
. Song Qiang et al.,
Zhongguo keyi shuo bu: Lengzhanhou shidai de zhengzhi yu qinggan jueze
[The China That Can Say No: Political and Emotional Choices in the Post Cold War Era] (Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lianhe, 1996).

20
.
“China must [now] pay”:
S. Mahmud Ali,
U.S.-China Relations in the “Asia-Pacific” Century
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 15.
At a remarkable press conference:
http://www.zpub.com/un/china27.html
.

21
.
The purpose of the bombing:
UN Press Release 6659, 26 March 1999. The Hong Kong magazine
Qianshao
has reported that Jiang Zemin’s unpublished memoirs acknowledge the stationing of Yugoslav intelligence personnel inside the Chinese embassy compound before the attack and close cooperation with Milosevic in the lead-up to the war (
Qianshao
, no. 240 [February 2011]).
President Jiang Zemin stoked:
Ali,
U.S.-China Relations in the “Asia-Pacific” Century
, 94.
The main official newspaper:
Renmin ribao
, 12 and 13 May 1999.