Restless Empire (76 page)

Lee Hsien Loong (Li Xianlong),
222–223

Lee Kuan Yew (Li Guangyao),
222
,
241–242
,
419
,
420
,
442

Legal system, modeled on West,
170

Legge, James,
70
,
77

Leighton Stuart, John,
132
,
191
,
205

Lend-Lease Agreement,
264

Lenin, Vladimir,
159
,
198
,
287

Leninism in China,
285–286

Liang Qichao,
95
,
106
,
153–154
,
313

Liang Sicheng,
313

Libao
(newspaper),
181

Liberation, Communists and,
297–298

Li Dazhao,
154
,
155
,
158

Li Denghui,
390
,
391

Lifanyuan
(Court of Colonial Affairs),
39

Li Hongzhang,
49
,
54
,
71
,
82
,
103
,
130

Sino-Japanese war and,
99
,
100

Tongzhi Restoration and,
90
,
91–92

Li Lisan,
238
,
241

Limited liability company,
184

Lin Biao,
296
,
346
,
361–362
,
369

Lin Changyi,
45

Lingnan University,
73
,
132

Lin Zexu,
40–41
,
42
,
46

Li Peng,
245
,
381

Li Shanlan,
75

Literacy campaigns,
300

Literature, foreign,
201–202

Little, Lester Knox,
194

Little Flock,
192

Little Leap,
310–311

Liu Hongsheng,
185

Liu Shaoqi,
106
,
238
,
287
,
301
,
322
,
327
,
339
,
340
,
351
,
354
,
372

Liu Xiaobo,
381
,
450–451

Liu Xihong,
78

Li Zhengdao,
206

Li Zongren,
253

Logocentric movement,
287

Long March,
199
,
254–255

Longyu,
141–142

Long Yun,
253

Luca, Luigi de,
194

Luce, Henry W.,
190–191

Luo Jialing,
174

Lu Xun,
106
,
153
,
208

Lynch, George,
129

Lynch, Patricio,
227

Macao,
172
,
441
,
442–443

MacArthur, Douglas,
101

Macartney, George,
37–38

Mahler, Gustav,
203

Mai Menghua,
86

Malaysia,
217
,
219
,
418

Manchuria,
7

Chiang Kai-shek and,
167–168

competition for,
117–119

foreigners and,
172

Japan and,
110–112
,
175
,
282

Mantetsu and,
185–186

as Manzhouguo,
247–248
,
250–252

Russian expansion into,
57

Russo-Japanese War and,
110–112

Soviet Union and,
167
,
282
,
289

Yalta and,
281

Manchurian Liaodong peninsula,
103

Manchus,
7
,
8
,
19–20
,
29
,
45
,
48
,
50
,
54
,
57
,
107–108
,
139
,
252

Mantetsu (South Manchurian Railway Company),
168
,
175
,
185–186

Manzhouguo (Manchukuo),
175
,
248
,
250–252
,
275

Maoism/Maoists,
15–16
,
333

Maoism/Mao Zedong Thought,
287

Mao suit,
178–179

Mao Zedong,
164
,
440

on arranged marriage,
208
,
210

Beijing and,
311
,
314

Chinese Communist Party and,
159
,
254–255
,
286
,
327
,
345–346

Cultural Revolution and,
322–323
,
333–334
,
354
,
359–360
,
361–363

death of,
370
,
371

economic plans,
330–331

education of,
238

establishment of People’s Republic of China,
291–292

on German advisers,
199

Great Leap Forward and,
335–341

Hunan self-determination and,
145

India and,
342–343
,
432

Jiang Qing and,
202

Korean War and,
294
,
296

Little Leap and,
310–311

megalomania of,
341

resistance to GMD government,
289

setback at end of WWII and,
288–289

Shanghai and,
180
,
181

Sino-Japanese War and,
272
,
273
,
274
,
279

social reforms,
301

Soviet Union and,
285
,
301
,
304
,
329–330
,
337–341
,
343–346
,
357–358
,
360–362

on Stalin,
328

Third World countries and,
321
,
326
,
350

US and,
366–371

Vietnam and,
320

Maps, x–xi,
61
,
260
,
295
,
423
,
433

Maritime Customs Service inspector-generals,
193–194

Market economy in PRC,
385–386

effect on state,
386–389

Marshall, George C.,
289
,
291

Martin, William,
81

Marx, Karl,
94
,
201
,
286
,
449

Marxism, in China,
285–286
,
316

Marxism and the National Question
(Stalin),
317

Mas,
243

Matheson, James,
59
,
65

Matisse, Claude,
203

May Fourth movement,
151–154
,
156
,
158
,
208

Ma Yingbiao,
183

Ma Yongcan,
183

May Thirtieth movement,
161–162

McKinley, William,
131

Medical Missionary Society,
75

Meiji Restoration,
89–90
,
93
,
94

Mendès-France, Pierre,
320

Merchants, in urban China,
64

Miao,
29
,
70

Military

defeat in Sino-Japanese War,
101–102

German advisers to Chinese,
134

Guomingdang,
195–201

modernizing effort,
91

See also
People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

Military advisers,
195–197
,
199

Mill, John Stuart,
109

Milosevic, Slobodan,
397

Ming dynasty,
7
,
108
,
203

Minorities, CCP treatment of,
451–453
.
See also
Ethnic groups

Missionaries,
46
,
68–70
,
71
,
132

in China after Communist takeover,
298

education and,
73
,
189–190
,
190–191

transmission of Western science and medicine in China and,
75

Mixed marriage,
208–210
,
226

Modernity

China and,
14–15
,
439–441

Shanghai and,
180–183

Soviet,
301–302

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact,
263

Monet, Claude,
203

Mongolia,
22
,
145–147
,
258
,
429
,
431

Mongols,
29

Monnet, Jean,
194–195

Monsen, Marie,
191

Morrison, Robert,
70

Morrow, Douglas,
375

Mugabe, Robert,
464

Munthe, Johan,
194

Music, foreign influence on,
203

Muslims in China,
29
,
49
,
149–150
,
451–452

Muslim world, China and crisis in,
436–438

Nagao, Ariga,
193

Nagasaki,
282

Nakamura Keiu,
109

Nanjing,
4

Sino-Japanese War and,
259–261

Nanjing Decade,
165–168

Nanjing University,
132

Nanyang,
216

National development state,
165

Nationalism,
107
,
112

Southeast Asian,
218–220

See also
Chinese nationalism

Nationalities’ policy,
315–318

Native place associations,
64–65

Nazi Germany,
195–196
,
257

Nehru, Jawaharlal,
320
,
341
,
432

Neihuang,
277

Nepal,
10
,
21
,
435

New Nation fashion,
178–179

The New Soviet Constitution
(Strong),
200

New Zealand, Chinese immigrants in,
229

Nian,
49

Nicholas II,
110

Nikuson Shokku
(Nixon shocks),
413–414

Nine-Power Treaty,
132

9/11 terrorist attacks, effect on Sino-American relationship,
400–403

Ni Tuosheng (Watchman Nee),
192

Nixon, Richard,
368–370
,
413–414

Nkrumah, Kwame,
352

North-China Daily News
(newspaper),
181

Northern Expedition,
162–165

North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea), China and,
294
,
347
,
349–350
,
405
,
410
,
411–412
,
460

North Vietnam, China and,
335
,
346–349

Nuclear tests,
345
,
432
,
434

Obama, Barack,
72
,
424

Office of the Affairs of All Countries,
83

Okinawa,
80

Open Door Policy,
130
,
131–132

Operation Ichigo (Number One),
278–279

Opium trade,
39–41

Opium War,
20
,
41–43

Outer Mongolia,
253
,
281

Pacific, Chinese immigrants in,
228–229

Pakistan,
436–437
,
462