Restless Empire (69 page)

14
. Watchman Nee was imprisoned soon after the Communist takeover; he died in prison in 1972. Membership in his Little Flock and other groups that have grown out of it now numbers more than 100,000 in China and is rapidly growing. Lian Xi,
Redeemed by Fire: The Rise of Popular Christianity in Modern China
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010).

15
. Madeleine Chi,
China Diplomacy, 1914–1918
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 1970), 53–54.

16
.
But as important were:
Julia C. Strauss,
Strong Institutions in Weak Polities: State Building in Republican China, 1927–1940
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 75.
The Frenchman Jean Monnet:
Hungdah Su, “The Father of Europe in China: Jean Monnet and Creation of the C.D.F.C. (1933–1936),”
Journal of European Integration History
13, no. 1 (2007): 9–24.

17
.
For understandable reasons Stennes:
Stennes’s chances of survival in Nazi Germany would have been low; he had testified against Hitler in a 1931 court case and Hitler had later sued Stennes for copyright infringement. In 2000 it was claimed that Stennes had been a Soviet agent through much of the 1940s;
Trud
, 14 March 2000, no. 46.
Chiang’s older son, Chiang Ching-kuo:
Bernd Martin and Susanne Kuss, eds.,
Deutsch-Chinesische Beziehungen 1928–1937: “gleiche” Partner Unter “ungleichen” Bedingungen: Eine Quellensammlung
(Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2003).

18
. Walter J. Boyne,
Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia
(ABC-CLIO, 2002), 126–127.

19
. Vasilii Chuikov,
Missiia v Kitae: zapiski voennogo sovetnika
(Moscow: Vostochnoilit-ry, 1981).

20
. Almost all of the chief Comintern advisers came to a sorry end: Sneevliet was shot by the Germans in 1942, Borodin and Stern died in Stalin’s purges.

21
.
“Will Moscow,” she wrote:
Anna Louise Strong,
China’s Millions: The Revolutionary Struggles from 1927 to 1935
(New York: Knight, 1935), 412–413.
Strong married a Russian:
The New Soviet Constitution, a Study in Socialist Democracy
(New York: H. Holt, 1937). Strong also wrote a book about Poland’s liberation by the Soviets in 1945,
I Saw the New Poland
(Boston: Little Brown, 1946); about the Chinese liberation of Tibet in 1959,
When Serfs Stood Up in Tibet
(Beijing: New World Press, 1960), and, as if this were not enough, an explanation of why Mao’s Great Leap Forward would save China,
The Rise of the People’s Communes in China
(New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1960).

22
. Hyun Ok Park,
Two Dreams in One Bed: Empire, Social Life, and the Origins of the North Korean Revolution in Manchuria
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005).

23
.
Books on law:
See Zou Zhenhuan, Yingxiang Zhongguo jindai shehui de yibai zhong yizuo [The One Hundred Translations That Have Had the Strongest Influence on Modern Chinese Society] (Beijing: Zhongguo duiwai fanyi, 1996).
By the 1910s China:
Ishikawa Yoshihiro, “Chinese Marxism in the Early 20th Century and Japan,”
Sino-Japanese Studies
14 (n.d.): 24–34.

24
. Zhang Ping, “Sherlock Holmes in China,”
Perspectives: Studies in Translatology
13, no. 2 (2005): 106; Xiaoqing Cheng and Timothy C. Wong,
Sherlock in Shanghai: Stories of Crime and Detection
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007).

25
. Joys Cheung, “Chinese Music and Translated Modernity in Shanghai, 1918–1937” (PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 2008); Andrew F. Jones,
Yellow Music: Media Culture and Colonial Modernity in the Chinese Jazz Age
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001).

26
. He Libo, “1929 de Xihu bolanhui,”
Jiangcha fengyun
, 6, 2010: 6–70; Ai Xianfeng, “1929 de Xihu bolanhui shulun [An Overview and Discussion of the 1929 West Lake Exposition],”
Huazhong shifan daxue xuebao, renwen shehuikexue ban
, 4, 2009: 84–89.

27
.
Xin qingnian
6, 1 (January 1919): 10–11.

28
. Suzanne Pepper,
Radicalism and Education Reform in 20th-Century China: The Search for an Ideal Development Model
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

29
. Monlin Chiang,
Tides from the West, a Chinese Autobiography
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947).

30
. Hu Shi, “Baihua wenyan zhi youlie bijiao [A Comparison of the Good and Bad in the Vernacular Language],
Hu Shi liuxue riji
[Hu Shih’s Diary from Studying Abroad],
Minguo congshu
, 2nd series, vol. 2 (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 1990), p. 943; quoted from Elisabeth Kaske,
The Politics of Language in Chinese Education, 1895–1919
(Leiden: Brill, 2008), 424 (amended translation).

31
. “The Question of Miss Zhao’s Personality” (1919),
Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912–1949
, ed. Stuart R. Schram, 7 vols. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), vol. 1, p. 422.

32
. Robert Bickers, “Shanghailanders: The Formation and Identity of the British Settler Community in Shanghai, 1843–1937,”
Past & Present
159, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 161–211, 188.

33
. Kate Bagnall, “Golden Shadows on a White Land: An Exploration of the Lives of White Women Who Partnered Chinese Men and Their Children in Southern Australia, 1855–1915” (PhD dissertation, University of Sydney, 2006), 245–297.

34
. Esther Cheo Ying,
Black Country to Red China
(London: Cresset Women’s Voices, 1987), 12.

CHAPTER 6: ABROAD

1
. Lee Kuan Yew, “A Tale of Two Cities: Twenty Years On,” Li Ka Shing Lecture, University of Hong Kong, 14 December 1992, in (Singapore)
Ministerial Speeches
, 16, no. 6 (November-December 1992), p. 55.

2
.
The Labor Agitators, or, The Battle for Bread: The Party of the Future, the Workingmen’s Party of California: Its Birth and Organization: Its Leaders and Its Purposes: Corruption in Our Local and State Governments: Venality of the Press
(San Francisco: Geo. W. Greene, 1879).

3
. Bayard Taylor quoted in Committee of the Senate of California, ed.,
Chinese Immigration: The Social, Moral and Political Effect of Chinese Immigration
(Sacramento, CA: State Printing Office, 1877). Taylor’s book, which the quote is from, was published in 1855.

4
. Chinese American Demographics, at
http://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/chinese.html
.

5
. Vincent Peloso, “Racial Conflict and Identity Crisis in Wartime Peru: Revisiting the Cañete Massacre of 1881,”
Social Identities
11, no. 5 (September 2005): 467–488.

6
. Lisa Yun,
The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008).

7
. Gregor Benton,
Chinese Migrants and Internationalism: Forgotten Histories, 1917–1945
(London: Routledge, 2007).

8
. Ibid., p. 91.

9
. Wieland Wagner, “Chinese Tourists Do Europe,”
Der Spiegel
, 17 August 2007.

10
. Quoted from Adam McKeown,
Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900–1936
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 127.

11
. Benton,
Chinese Migrants and Internationalism
, 67.

12
. Quoted from the PBS documentary
Becoming American: The Chinese Experience. Program Three: No Turning Back
. First broadcast in the United States in 2003.

13
.
The Times
, 27 December 1917.

14
. Xu,
China and the Great War
, 134.

15
. Aleksandr Larin, “Krasnye i belye: krasnoarmyeitsy iz podnebesnoi” [Red and White: Red Army Soldiers from the Celestial Empire],”
Rodina
, 2000; Lewis H. Siegelbaum, “Another ‘Yellow Peril’?: Chinese Migrants in the Russian Far East and the Russian Reaction Before 1917,”
Modern Asian Studies
12, no. 2 (1978): 307–330. See also Benton,
Chinese Migrants and Internationalism
, 20–29.

16
. Linqing Yao,
The Chinese Overseas Students: An Overview of the Flows Change
, paper at the Australian Population Association’s 12th biennial conference, September 2004, at
http://www.apa.org.au/upload/2004-6C_Yao.pdf
.

17
. Weili Ye,
Seeking Modernity in China’s Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002), 19.

18
.
The CCP told them:
Elizabeth McGuire, “Between Revolutions: Chinese Students in Soviet Institutes, 1948–1966,” in
China Learns from the Soviet Union, 1949–Present
, ed. Thomas Bernstein and Hua-yu Li (Lanham, MA: Lexington Books, 2010), 366.
As late as in 2002:
He Li, “Returned Students and Political Change in China,”
Asian Perspective [S. Korea]
30, no. 2 (2006): 5–30.

19
.
Renmin ribao
, 27 January 2010.

20
. Allen F. Damon, “Financing Revolution: Sun Yat-sen and the Overthrow of the Ch’ing Dynasty,”
The Hawaiian Journal of History
25 (1991): 166–167.

21
. Li Lisan’s Russian widow, Elizaveta Kishkina, still lives in Beijing at the age of ninety-six under the name Li Sha; she spent eight years in prison during the Cultural Revolution.
Her autobiography,
Wo de Zhongguo yuan fen: Li Lisan furen Li Sha huiyilu
[My Fateful Encounter with China: The Memoirs of Li Lisan’s Wife Li Sha] (Beijing: Waiyu jiaoxue yu yanjiu, 2009) is worth reading as a warning for foreigners who get too involved in Chinese affairs.

22
. “The Man Who Saw It All,”
Time
, 5 December 2005.

23
. Nien Cheng,
Life and Death in Shanghai
(New York: Penguin, 1995), 105.

24
. Hua published his somewhat unreliable memoirs in 1981; Leon Hoa,
Reconstruire la Chine: trente ans d’urbanisme, 1949–1979
[Reconstructing China: Thirty Years of Urbanism] (Paris: Moniteur, 1981).

25
. Cheng Li, “Foreign-Educated Returnees in the People’s Republic of China: Increasing Political Influence with Limited Official Power,”
Journal of International Migration and Integration
7, no. 4 (September 1, 2006): 493–516.

CHAPTER 7: WAR

1
. The Land of the Manchu, also spelled Manzhouguo.

2
. Although it is notoriously difficult to estimate overall numbers of war casualties, Rudolph J. Rummel,
China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
(New York: Transaction Publishers, 1991) is a very trustworthy source. See also Guo Rugui,
Zhongguo kangri zhanzheng zhengmian zhanchang zuozhan ji
(Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin, 2006) and Werner Gruhl,
Imperial Japan’s World War Two, 1931–1945
(New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007).

3
. Prasenjit Duara,
The Global and Regional in China’s Nation-Formation
(Abingdon: Routledge, 2009), 51.

4
.
On 30 July he declared:
James Crowley,
Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1958
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 339.
Addressing his countrymen by radio:
Statement on a war of self-defense and resistance by the National Government, 14 August 1937, at
http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2005-06-19/1841298670.html
.

5
.
In a speech on 5 October 1937:
http://www.vlib.us/amdocs/texts/fdrquarn.html
.
During the first year of the war:
John W. Garver,
Chinese–Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)
, 38.
The Soviets lost 9,000 men:
Alvin D. Coox,
Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 915.

6
. Aaron William Moore, “The Chimera of Privacy: Reading Self-Discipline in Japanese Diaries from the Second World War (1937–1945),”
The Journal of Asian Studies
68, no. 1 (2009): 187.

7
. John Rabe,
The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe
, ed. Erwin Wickert (New York: Knopf, 1998), 77.

8
. Dreimächtepakt zwischen Deutschland, Italien und Japan vom 27- September 1940, in
Reichsgesetzblatt
, 2, 1940, p. 280.

9
. Chiang, 13 April 1941, quoted in Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 181–182.

10
. Ibid., 188.

11
. Ibid., 190.

12
. Bevin Alexander,
The Strange Connection: US Intervention in China, 1944–1972
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992), 16.

13
. Roosevelt-Chiang dinner meeting, 23 November 1943, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 324.

14
. Dong Wang, “The Discourse of Unequal Treaties in Modern China,”
Pacific Affairs
76, no. 3 (October 1, 2003): 399.