Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (82 page)

28
. Wortman,
Scenarios,
p. 103; see also S. M. Liubetskii,
Starina Moskvy i russkogo naroda
(repr. Moscow, 2004), pp. 99–100.

29
.
Istoriia Moskvy v shesti tomakh,
vol. 3, p. 47.

30
. Martin,
Romantics,
p. 58.

31
. For a thoughtful introduction, see A. M. Martin, ‘Russia and the legacy of 1812’, in
CHR,
vol. 2, esp. p. 148.

32
. For an overview of political thought in the period, see Nicholas V. Riasanovky and Mark D. Steinberg,
A History of Russia,
7th edn (New York and Oxford, 2005), vol. 1, pp. 323–8.

33
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 43.

34
.
Istoriia Moskvy v shesti tomakh,
vol. 3, p. 25.

35
. RGADA, 197/1/39, 25; on Olenin’s interventions in 1806–7, see Irina Bogatskaia’s essay in Cynthia Hyla Whittaker, ed.,
Visualizing Russia: Fedor Solntsev and Crafting a National Past
(Leiden and Boston, Mass., 2010), pp. 63–4.

36
. S. P. Bartenev,
Moskovskii kreml’ v starinu i teper’,
2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1912 and 1918), vol. 1, p. 82; on Valuev, see
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XVI, pp. 208–18.

37
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 2, pp. 385–6.

38
. The tower was the Gerbovaia bashnia. Among the other buildings demolished were the Trinity
podvor’e
and part of the Poteshnyi dvorets. See S. de Bartenev,
Le Grand Palais du Kremlin et ses neuf églises
(Moscow, 1912), p. 19; Bartenev,
Moskovskii kreml’,
vol. 1, pp. 81–4; Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 44.

39
. F. F. Vigel’, cited in Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 2, p. 386. The main fountain used to play where the Krasnaia Presnia metro station now stands. On the clearance and its effects, see also Posokhin,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury Moskvy,
pp. 146–8.

40
. Adam Zamoyski,
1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March on Moscow
(London, 2005), pp. 78–84.

41
. Cited in Daria Olivier,
The Burning of Moscow 1812
(London, 1966), p. 33.

42
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 1, p. 214. Ségur believed the Russians had set the Smolensk fire.

43
. General Armand de Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza,
With Napoleon in Russia,
from the Original Memoirs as edited by Jean Hanoteau; abridged with an introduction by George Libaire (Mineola, NY, 2005), p. 77.

44
. Zamoyski,
1812,
pp. 220–21.

45
. S. V. Bakhrushin,
Moskva v 1812
(Moscow, 1913), p. 13, citing M. A. Volkova.

46
. Bakhrushin,
Moskva,
p. 33.

47
. N. Dubrovin,
Otechestvennaia voina v pis’makh sovremennikov 1812–1815 gg.
(1882; repr. Moscow, 2006), p. 123.

48
. Dubrovin,
Otechestvennaia voina v pis’makh,
p. 122 (doc. 119).

49
. Bakhrushin,
Moskva,
p. 12.

50
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 1, pp. 330–33; Zamoyski,
1812,
p. 288.

51
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 127.

52
. Dubrovin,
Otechestvennaia voina v pis’makh,
p. 133.

53
. M. P. Fabricius,
Kreml’ v Moskve: ocherki i kartiny proshlogo i nastoiashchago
(Moscow, 1883), p. 172; Konstantin Mikhailov,
Unichtozhennyi Kreml’
(Moscow, 2007), p. 95.

54
. Olivier,
Burning of Moscow,
p. 23.

55
. Cited in Caulaincourt,
Napoleon in Russia,
p. 127.

56
. Georges Lecointe de Laveau,
Moscou, avant et après l’incendie
(Paris, 1814), p. 111.

57
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, pp. 3–4, 27.

58
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 34.

59
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 37; Caulaincourt,
Napoleon in Russia,
p. 112 (on the clocks).

60
. Cited in Kathleen Berton Murrell,
Moscow: An Architectural History
(London, 1977), p. 151.

61
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, pp. 40–42.

62
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 40.

63
. Olivier,
Burning of Moscow,
pp. 61–5; Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, pp. 45–6.

64
. One famous (though fictional) prisoner, whose story and encounters reflect later Russian perceptions of these events, was Pierre Bezuhov in Tolstoy’s
War and Peace.

65
. Martin, ‘Legacy of 1812’, p. 148.

66
. Dubrovin,
Otechestvennaia voina v pis’makh,
p. 252; Lecointe,
Moscou,
p. 116; Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 50.

67
. Murrell,
Moscow,
p. 152.

68
. Fabricius,
Kreml’,
p. 180.

69
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 85.

70
. Dubrovin,
Otechestvennaia voina v pis’makh,
pp. 169–70.

71
. Bakhrushin,
Moskva,
p. 27; Murrell,
Moscow,
p. 153.

72
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 119; Fabricius,
Kreml’,
p. 184; Lecointe,
Moscou,
p. 135.

73
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 119.

74
. Ségur,
Expedition to Russia,
vol. 2, p. 122.

75
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 30.

76
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 25.

77
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 115.

78
. Bakhrushin,
Moskva,
p. 36.

79
. The figures testifying to this appear in Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 34.

80
. Martin,
Romantics,
p. 142; P.-P. de Ségur,
Defeat: Napoleon’s Russian Campaign,
trans. J. David (New York, 2008), p. 92; translator’s note.

81
. For details, see Rostopchin’s letter of 27 October 1812 to Viazmitinov and Balashov, reprinted in
Russkii arkhiv,
3, 1 (1881), p. 222.

82
. Martin,
Romantics,
p. 136.

83
. Dubrovin,
Otechestvennaia voina v pis’makh,
p. 253.

84
. Dubrovin,
Otechestvennaia voina v pis’makh,
pp. 314–17, citing Avgustin’s letter of 12 November 1812.

85
. L. Tolstoy,
War and Peace,
trans. Rosemary Edmonds (London, 1982), p. 1314.

86
. Population figures from Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 33; on planning, see Albert J. Schmidt, ‘The restoration of Moscow after 1812’,
Slavic Review,
40 (Spring 1981), pp. 37–48.

87
. Fabricius,
Kreml’,
p. 186.

88
. Schmidt,
Architecture and Planning,
p. 153; Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, pp. 125–6.

89
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 64.

90
. Marquis de Custine,
Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia,
repr. with an intro. by George F. Kennan (New York, 1989), p. 405.

91
. Slavina,
Ton,
p. 93.

92
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 175.

93
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 62, citing RGIA, 471/1/292.

94
. On gothic reconstructions, see Dmitry Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture and the West
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 2007), p. 326, and for the Catherine Church, see also Mikhailov,
Unichtozhennyi,
p. 177. For the Filaret Tower, see Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 65.

95
. Cited in Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 217.

96
. The red paint was applied in 1827. See N. A. Skvortsov,
Arkheologiia i topografiia Moskvy: kurs lektsii
(Moscow, 1913), p. 103. The walls, but not the towers, were also lime-washed several times between 1818 and 1849.

97
. Bove’s painting is reproduced in G. I. Vedernikova, ed.,
Oblik staroi Moskvy
(Moscow, 1997), p. 79. The lime-trees were his own idea, and formed part of his landscaped garden project. Other contemporary images are reproduced in the same volume, and also, among others, in E. Ducamp, ed.,
Imperial Moscow: The Moscow Kremlin in Watercolour
(Paris, 1994).