Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (78 page)

6
. See N. V. Rybalko,
Rossiiskaia prikaznaia biurokratiia v Smutnoe vremia nachala XVII v
(Moscow, 2011), which gives a figure of between 60 and 68 per cent stability for the period 1598–1613.

7
. On the size of the court, see Sedov,
Zakat,
pp. 54–7. For a range of views on the pace of change, compare his conclusion (
Zakat,
p. 551) with Brenda Meehan-Waters,
Autocracy and Aristocracy: The Russian Social Elite of 1730
(New Brunswick, NJ, 1982), pp. 6–10, and Paul Bushkovitch,
Religion and Society in Russia: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
(New York, 1992), p. 129.

8
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 2, p. 2.

9
. See S. V. Lobachev, ‘Patriarch Nikon’s rise to power’,
SEER,
79, 2 (April 2001), pp. 302–3. Kluchevsky discussed the issue of responsibility at length, noting that, since Muscovy was no longer a patrimony to be bequeathed in the tsar’s will, Mikhail’s son, Aleksei Mikhailovich, had also to be ‘elected’ before he formally ascended the throne. V. O. Kluchevsky,
A History of Russia,
trans. C. J. Hogarth (London, J. M. Dent, 1913), vol. 3, pp. 80–81. That said, election – or a form of consensual proclamation – was not unprecedented, and had been used for the promotion of Boris Godunov.

10
. S. F. Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia
(The Hague, 1965), p. 218.

11
. Chester S. L. Dunning,
Russia’s First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty
(University Park, Pa., 2001), pp. 448 and 468. For the enthronement, see
DAI,
vol. 2, no. 76, pp. 185–214.

12
. Isaac Massa, 1614, cited in B. Shifton and G. Walton, eds.,
Gifts to the Tsars: Treasures from the Kremlin
(New York, 2001), p. 308.

13
. Samuel Collins,
The Present State of Russia: A Letter to a Friend at London, by an Eminent Person residing at the Czar’s Court
(London, 1671), p. 101.

14
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 443–5.

15
. Collins,
State of Russia,
pp. 116–17.

16
. For the tale that even the tsar’s sceptre had disappeared, see I. Snegirev,
Moskva: Podrobnoe istoricheskoe i arkheologicheskoe opisanie goroda,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1875), p. 12. There is some doubt, however, about this, on which see Scott Douglas Ruby, ‘The Kremlin Workshops of the Tsars and Foreign Craftsmen:
c.
1500–1711’, unpublished PhD dissertation, Courtauld Institute of Art, 2009, pp. 64–5. On the gold, see S. K. Bogoiavlenskii, ed.,
Gosudarstvennaia oruzheinaia palata Moskovskogo kremlia
(Moscow, 1954), p. 526.

17
. Snegirev,
Moskva,
vol. 2, p. 85. The Romanovs were also attentive to their real ancestors, of course, and gave generously for the upkeep of their family shrines.

18
. Russell E. Martin, ‘Choreographing the “Tsar’s Happy Occasion”: tradition, change and dynastic legitimacy in the weddings of Tsar Mikhail Romanov’,
Slavic Review,
63, 4 (Winter 2004), pp. 794–817.

19
. I. E. Zabelin,
Domashnii byt russkikh tsarei v XVI i XVII stoletiiakh
(Moscow, 1862, repr. 1990), vol. 1, p. 56.

20
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
p. 257.

21
. A report, dated 1645–7, details the condition of the Kremlin walls at the beginning of Aleksei Mikhailovich’s reign, confirming that the repairs dragged on for decades. See
DAI,
vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2–5.

22
. Filaret’s comments on this problem are reproduced in I. E. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy
(Moscow, 1904; repr. 2005), pp. 181–2.

23
. Bogoiavlenskii,
Gosudarstvennaia oruzheinaia palata,
p. 526.

24
. Snegirev,
Moskva,
vol. 2, pp. 16–17.

25
. A. N. Speransky,
Ocherki po istorii prikaza kamennykh del Moskovskogo gosudarstva
(Vologda, 1930), p. 49.

26
. Even travelling priests dealt in furs when they returned home. See
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 403.

27
. This was Henry, son of Leonard, Bush. The details were discovered by Ruby, ‘Kremlin Workshops’, pp. 49–52.

28
. For more on these foreigners, see Vladimir Chekmarev, ‘Angliiskie mastera na sluzhbe u Mikhaila Fedorovicha’,
Arkhitektura i stroitel’stva Moskvy,
9 (1990), pp. 19–21; Dmitry Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture and the West
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 2007), pp. 152–60.

29
. Buseva-Davydova,
Kul’tura i iskusstvo,
pp. 91–2.

30
. On the royal family’s preferences, see Collins,
State of Russia,
p. 57; Zabelin,
Domashnyi,
vol. 1, pp. 69–70.

31
. E. M. Kozlitina, ‘Dokumenty XVII veka po istorii Granovitoi palaty Moskovskogo Kremlia’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. I, p. 99.

32
. S. de Bartenev,
Le Grand Palais du Kremlin et ses neuf églises: Guide du visiteur
(Moscow, 1912), p. 11.

33
. Cited in Jeremy Howard,
Christopher Galloway: Clockmaker, Architect and Engineer to Tsar Mikhail, the First Romanov
(Edinburgh, 1997), p. 19.

34
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 203.

35
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 206; Howard,
Galloway,
pp. 10–11.

36
. Howard,
Galloway,
pp. 29–30.

37
. Iu. V. Tarabarina, ‘Znachenie Kremlevskikh postroek pervykh romanovykh v istorii proiskhozhdenii shatrovykh kolokolen XVII veka’,
www.archi.ru
(2006). My thanks to Dr Alla Aronova for drawing my attention to this online item in August 2011.

38
. Graf’s name first appeared in Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 204. See also S. P. Bartenev,
Moskovskii Kreml’ v starinu i teper’,
2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1912 and 1918), vol. 1, p. 139, and Buseva-Davydova,
Kul’tura i iskusstvo,
pp. 89–91.

39
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
pp. 203–6.

40
. Zabelin (
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 207) argues that we do not know what Galloway’s clock looked like. Howard and others base their descriptions on the accounts of later visitors. See also Buseva-Davydova,
Kul’tura i iskusstvo,
p. 161, where Meyerberg’s drawing is reproduced, and Chekmarev, ‘Angliiskie mastera’, p. 20, which argues that Galloway’s clock survived intact until 1707. Parts of the mechanism, indeed, remain visible inside the tower to this day. For the fire, see
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 369.

41
. Zabelin,
Domashnii,
vol. 1, p. 114.

42
. Collins,
State of Russia,
p. 67; Howard,
Galloway,
pp. 5 and 13.

43
. P. V. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki i zastroiki Moskvy,
vol. 1 (Moscow, 1950), p. 42.

44
. Ruby, ‘Kremlin Workshops’, pp. 238–40; Bogoiavlenskii,
Gosudarstvennaia oruzheinaia palata,
pp. 556–7.

45
. N. G. Bekeneva,
Simon Ushakov, 1626–1686
(Leningrad, 1984), esp. pp. 5–21.

46
. V. G. Briusova,
Russkaia zhivopis’ XVII veka
(Moscow, 1984), pp. 16–20; Buseva-Davydova,
Kul’tura i iskusstvo,
p. 91. The
d’yak
Stepan Ugotskii was in charge of the logistics. See I. Mashkov, ed.,
Otchet po restavratsii bol’shago Moskovskago Uspenskago sobora
(Moscow, 1910), pp. 7–8, which reprints the original instructions.

47
. Briusova,
Russkaia zhivopis’,
pp. 22–3.

48
. I. L. Buseva-Davydova, ‘Novye ikonograficheskie istochniki v russkoi zhivopisi XVII v’, in A. L. Batalov, ed.,
Iskusstvo pozdnego srednevekoviia
(Moscow, 1993), pp. 190–206.

49
. Buseva-Davydova,
Kul’tura i iskusstvo,
pp. 34–5.

50
. For an account, see Bogoiavlenskii,
Gosudarstvennaia oruzheinaia palata,
pp. 533–6.

51
. Speransky,
Ocherki po istorii,
p. 185.

52
. Richard Hellie,
The Economy and Material Culture of Russia 1600–1725
(Chicago, 1999), pp. 445–6.

53
. Richard Hellie,
Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy
(Chicago, 1971), pp. 182–3; see also M. N. Larchenko, ‘K voprosu o rabote tak nazyvaemykh “pol’skikh” masterov v Oruzheinoi palate vo vtoroi polovine XVII veka’, Proizvedeniia Russkogo i zarubezhnogo iskusstva XVI–nachala XVIII veka’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. IV, pp. 185–92.

54
. M. Poe and E. Lohr, eds.,
The Military and Society in Russian History, 1350–1917
(Leiden, 2002), p. 66.

55
. On the troops that lined his route in 1675, see Sedov,
Zakat
, p. 185.

56
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 367.

57
. L. Loewenson, ‘The Moscow rising of 1648’,
SEER,
27, 68 (December 1948), p. 147.

58
.
The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia,
trans. Samuel H. Baron (Stanford, Calif., 1967), pp. 203–4.

59
. Olearius,
Travels,
p. 204; see also V. Kivelson, ‘The devil stole his mind: the tsar and the 1648 Moscow uprising’,
AHR,
98, 3 (June 1993), p. 738.

60
. K. V. Bazilevich,
Gorodskie vosstaniia v Moskovskom gosudarstve XVII v.
(Moscow and Leningrad, 1936), pp. 54–5.