Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (76 page)

107
. The site, Pogannoe pole, had been used for the execution of conspirators accused of Andrei Bogoliubskii’s murder; a meat-market was held nearby in Ivan’s time. See P. V. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki i zastroiki Moskvy,
vol. 1 (Moscow, 1950), p. 76.

108
. de Madariaga,
Ivan,
p. 258.

109
. Skrynnikov,
Krest’,
pp. 297–8.

110
. The
zemskii sobor
is a controversial institution, whose very name is anachronistic (the term was first coined by a nostalgic Slavophile in 1850). For more on its history, see Marshall Poe, ‘The central government and its institutions’, in
CHR,
vol. 1, pp. 460–62.

111
. See D. Ostrowski, ‘Semeon Bekhabulatocich’s remarkable career as Tatar khan, Grand Prince of Rus’, and monastic elder’,
Russian History,
39, 3 (2012), pp. 269–99 (a discussion also follows this article). The coronation was mentioned by Jerome Horsey, whose description of it is noted in de Madariaga,
Ivan,
p. 298.

112
. Bartenev,
Moskovskii Kreml’,
vol. 2, p. 198; another Moscow residence of Ivan’s was located on today’s Petrovka.

113
. The description of his
oprichnina
palace comes from von Staden,
Land and Government,
pp. 48–51.

114
.
Po trasse pervoi ocheredi Moskovskogo metropolitena imeni L. M. Kaganovicha
(Leningrad, 1936), pp. 37–8.

115
. Skrynnikov,
Velikii gosudar
’, vol. 2, p. 101.

116
. von Staden,
Land and Government,
p. 29.

117
. von Staden,
Land and Government,
pp. 47–9; on the English craftsmen, see Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
p. 148.

118
. Hans Kobentsel’ [Hans Graf Cobenzl], cited in Bogoiavlenskii,
Gosudarstvennaia oruzheinaia palata,
p. 517.

119
.
The Moscovia of Antonio Possevino, SJ,
trans. Hugh F. Graham (Pittsburg, Pa., 1977), p. 11.

120
. Bogatyrev, ‘Reinventing the Russian Monarchy’, p. 284; see also his comments on the helmet in ‘Ivan the Terrible’, p. 243.

121
. For other grievances, see de Madariaga,
Ivan,
pp. 267–8.

122
. Panova,
Kremlevskie usypal’nitsy,
p. 63.

123
. Possevino,
Moscovia,
p. 12.

4 KREMLENAGRAD

1
. M. V. Posokhin et al.,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury Moskvy: Kreml’, Kitai-gorod, Tsentral’nye ploshchadi
(Moscow, 1982), p. 50.

2
. Copies were printed in successive editions of Joan (Johannes) Blaeu’s
Atlas Maior
(Amsterdam, 1663–5).

3
. The palaces are an exception, and seem to be in a semi-sketchy state, suggesting that the original artist had sought to represent more than the outsides of their walls.

4
. Jacques Margeret,
The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Moscow: A Seventeenth-century French Account,
trans. and ed. Chester S. L. Dunning (Pittsburg, Pa., 1983), p. 30.

5
. Isaac Massa,
A Short History of the Peasant Wars in Moscow under the Reigns of Various Sovereigns down to the Year 1610,
trans. G. E. Orchard (Toronto, 1982), p. 95. As for Massa, two portraits, once of the merchant and his wife (1622) and one of Massa alone (1626), are in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, respectively.

6
. V. G. Vovina, ‘Patriarkh Filaret (Fedor Nikitch Romanov)’,
Voprosy istorii,
7–8 (1991), pp. 55–6. Nikita’s grandson (who did not survive) was given the first name Boris.

7
. Chester S. L. Dunning,
Russia’s First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty
(University Park, Pa., 2001), p. 60.

8
. For more on this, see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 65.

9
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 94.

10
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
pp. 36 and 94.

11
. For summaries of Boris’ personal qualities, see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 91; S. F. Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia
(The Hague, 1965), p. 64; Ruslan Skrynnikov,
Boris Godunov
(Moscow, 1978), pp. 3–4.

12
. For a discussion, see A. P. Pavlov, ‘Fedor Ivanovich and Boris Godunov’, in
CHR,
vol. 1, pp. 264–7.

13
. In this version, I follow Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 61, but see also R. G. Skrynnikov,
Krest’ i korona
(St Petersburg, 2000), p. 313, which gives a different account, featuring Bogdan Belsky as one of the four.

14
. Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia,
p. 67.

15
. See Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia;
Maureen Perrie,
Pretenders and Popular Modernism in Early Modern Russia
(Cambridge, 1995), pp. 12–13; Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 20.

16
. Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 61.

17
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 15–16 and 55–7.

18
. Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia,
p. 61; Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 55.

19
. For an exposition of the economic plight of Russia’s population, including the
pomeshchiki,
see Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia,
pp. 9–61, esp. pp. 35–7.

20
. Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 159.

21
. S. F. Platonov,
Boris Godunov
(Petrograd, 1921), pp. 50–55.

22
. Vovina, ‘Patriarkh Filaret’, p. 56.

23
. Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 62 (which again differs in emphasis from Skrynnikov).

24
. Nevsky was one of the national saints canonized in 1547 by Makary’s commission. For Shuisky’s pedigree, see R. G. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles: Russia in Crisis, 1604–1618
(Gulf Breeze, Fl., 1988), p. 42.

25
. Skrynnikov,
Krest’,
p. 314; on the Chudov, see S. N. Bogatyrev, ed.,
Khoziaistvennye knigi Chudova monastyria 1585–86 gg.
(Moscow, 1996), p. 23, which also gives the date for Shuisky’s planned coup as 14 May 1586. Ivan the Terrible’s approach to Anthony Jenkinson came soon after the union of the Livonian and Lithuanian crowns in 1566.

26
. Skrynnikov,
Krest’,
p. 315.

27
. The measure involved suppression (temporarily) of their annual right of departure from their lord’s control after the harvest on St George’s Day. For more details, see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 67, and also David Moon,
The Russian Peasantry, 1600–1913
(London and New York, 1999), pp. 66–8; Robert O. Crummey, The Formation of Muscovy, 1304-1613 (London and New York, 1997), p. 174.

28
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 36; on the monks, see Bogatyrev,
Khoziastvennye knigi,
pp. 28 and 142.

29
. Skrynnikov,
Krest’,
p. 322.

30
. A. L. Batalov,
Moskovskoe kamennoe zodchestvo kontsa XVI veka: problemy khudozhestvennogo myshleniia epokhi
(Moscow, 1996), p. 257.

31
. A. N. Speransky,
Ocherki po istorii prikaza kamennykh del Moskovskogo gosudarstva
(Vologda, 1930), p. 41. See also N. N. Voronin,
Ocherki po istorii russkogo zodchestva XI–XVII vv.
(Moscow and Leningrad, 1934), pp. 35–7.

32
. Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia,
p. 46. As this great expert on the time observes, the tax-exempt groups could bankrupt local businesses.

33
. Speransky,
Ocherki po istorii,
pp. 95–126.

34
. I. A. Bondarenko et al., eds.,
Slovar’ arkhitektorov i masterov stroitel’nogo dela Moskvy, XV–serediny XVIII veka
(Moscow, 2007), pp. 335–7.

35
. Speransky,
Ocherki po istorii,
p. 84.

36
. Bondarenko,
Slovar’ arkhitektorov,
p. 337; Batalov,
Kamennoe zodchestvo,
p. 81.

37
. The sense of passing through successive walls is conveyed in many foreign travellers’ accounts, and even in the memoirs of Frenchmen in the suite of Napoleon.

38
. Speransky,
Ocherki po istorii,
pp. 8, 36–9, 80–85; Richard Hellie,
Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy
(Chicago, and London, 1971), p. 158.

39
. Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia,
p. 73.

40
. In the mid-seventeenth century, a team of ninety was envisaged for the renovation of the same space. See RGADA,
fond
396, d. 51293, ll. 3–6.

41
. Aida Nasibova,
The Faceted Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin
(Leningrad, 1981), p. 16; see also I. E. Zabelin,
Domashnyi byt russkikh tsarei v XVI i XVII stoletiiakh
(Moscow, 1862, repr. 1990), vol. 1, pp. 178–84.

42
. The consensus is fragile, however. Platonov (
Smutnoe vremia,
pp. 82–3) is prepared to believe that Dmitry may have survived, while Maureen Perrie, following the English witness Jerome Horsey, is among the more recent commentators to assert that Godunov had the child murdered after all. See Perrie,
Pretenders,
p. 18 and Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 66–8.