Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (75 page)

51
. Dmitry Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture and the West
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 2007), p. 148.

52
. Sigismund von Herberstein’s account, from the early sixteenth century, is vivid on this matter. See his
Description of Moscow and Muscovy,
ed. B. Picard (London, 1969), p. 60. For others see also Bartenev,
Moskovskii Kreml’,
vol. 2, p. 131.

53
. Berry and Crummey,
Rude and Barbarous Kingdom,
pp. 23–7.

54
. This was Jacob Ulfeldt. See Aida Nasibova,
The Faceted Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin
(Leningrad, 1981), p. 20.

55
. To get my own bearings in this account, I used the plan by K. K. Lopialo reproduced in Podobedova,
Moskovskaia shkola,
appendix. See also Bartenev,
Moskovskii Kreml’,
vol. 2, pp. 70–74 and 103 (where there is another map).

56
. The wall was near the Borovitsky gates. As the requirements of the tsar’s stables and saddlery (and carriages) expanded in the next century, the space was eventually monopolized by the
koniushii prikaz,
the chancellery with responsibility for royal transport, mounts and caparisons. See G. L. Malitskii’s essay in Bogoiavlenskii,
Gosudarstvennaia oruzheinaia palata,
p. 556.

57
. This is a quibble with Daniel Rowland (‘Two cultures, one throne room’, in Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene, eds.,
Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars
(University Park, Pa., 2003), p. 40, note 13). Chancellor indeed called the room where he dined the ‘Golden’, but this word was used, confusingly, for both chambers, and it is clear that his room had a central pier.

58
. For more detail, see Bartenev,
Moskovskii Kreml’,
vol. 2, pp. 137–43. The Treasury was also used for ceremonies involving foreign envoys.

59
. A later visitor, Paul of Aleppo, attributed the lavish use of gold around the Kremlin almost entirely to Ivan the Terrible. See
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 2, p. 4.

60
. For a discussion of exactly when the process began, taking it back to the age of Ivan III’s enlarged army, see Marshall Poe, ‘Muscovite personnel records, 1475–1550: new light on the early evolution of Russian bureaucracy’,
JbFGO,
45, 3 (1997), pp. 361–77.

61
. For a classic account of Ivan’s administrative reforms, see A. A. Zimin,
Reformy Ivana Groznogo: ocherki sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoi i politicheskoi istorii Rossii serediny XVI veka
(Moscow, 1960).

62
. See Peter B. Brown, ‘Muscovite government bureaus’,
Russian History,
10, 3 (1983), p. 270.

63
. Another prime example from this era consisted of the Shchelkalov brothers, Andrei and Vasily, who rose to eminence entirely through court service.

64
. For commentary, see Peter B. Brown, ‘How Muscovy governed: seventeenth-century Russian central administration’,
Russian History,
36, 4 (2009), pp. 459–529. On the background of officials at this time, see also I. V. Rybalko,
Rossiiskaia prikaznaia biurokratiia v smutnoe vremia i nachala XVII v
(Moscow, 2011), pp. 442–5.

65
. Brown, ‘How Muscovy governed’, p. 487.

66
. von Staden,
Land and Government,
pp. 14–15.

67
. Chester S. L. Dunning,
Russia’s First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty
(University Park, Pa., 2001), pp. 35–6.

68
. Prikaz prikaznykh del. See Brown, ‘Bureaus’, p. 313.

69
. The early term for many of these offices was
izby,
or ‘chambers’, but the more formal
prikaz
soon took over. For their location, see Bartenev,
Moskovskii Kreml’,
vol. 2, p. 103, and G. S. Evdokimov, ‘K istorii postroek Kazennogo dvora v Moskovskom Kremle’ in
Materialy i issledovania,
vol. XIX, pp. 355–76.

70
. von Staden,
Land and Government,
p. 42. On
pravezh,
see also de Madariaga,
Ivan,
p. 246. There were other punishment sites in central Moscow, and as the Kremlin grew more secretive in years to come, Red Square and Nikol’skii street became the main theatres of public justice. The Kremlin ceased to be a site of official public punishment in 1685. See I. Snegirev,
Moskva: Podrobnoe istoricheskoe I arkheologicheskoe opisanie goroda
(Moscow, 1875), vol. 2, p. 16.

71
. Bogatyrev,
Sovereign,
p. 204.

72
. For discussion, see Kollmann, ‘Consensus politics’, pp. 237–41.

73
. See Ann Kleimola, ‘The changing condition of the Muscovite elite’,
Russian History,
6, 2 (1979), pp. 210–29.

74
. Sergei Bogatyrev summarizes the historical debate about marriage politics in his ‘Ivan the Terrible’, pp. 246–7.

75
. Edward L. Keenan, ‘Ivan the Terrible and his women’,
Russian History,
37, 4 (2010), pp. 350–55.

76
. The questions of fecundity and female royalty are explored perceptively in Isolde Thyret, ‘“Blessed is the Tsaritsa’s womb”. The myth of miraculous birth and royal motherhood in Muscovite Russia’,
Russian Review,
53, 4 (October 1994), pp. 479–96.

77
. This is the theme of Daniel Rowland’s essay, ‘Two cultures’.

78
. For a commentary, see Arkhimandrit Makarii (Veretennikov), ‘Makar’evskie sobory 1547 i 1549 godov i ikh znachenie’, in
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XI, pp. 5–22.

79
. Daniel Rowland, ‘The blessed host of the heavenly tsar’, in Michael S. Flier and Daniel Rowland, eds.,
Medieval Russian Culture,
vol. 2, California Slavic Studies (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1994), pp. 182–99.

80
. The indomitable Andrei Batalov has recently questioned whether its architects were as purely Russian as legend suggests; in his view there may have been foreign masters involved. See I. L. Buseva-Davydova,
Kul’tura i iskusstvo v epokhu peremen: Rossiia semnadtsatogo stoletiia
(Moscow, 2008), p. 89.

81
. A useful discussion of the symbolic geography of the chapels is provided by Michael Flier in A. L. Batalov and L. A. Beliaev, eds.,
Sakral’naia topografiia srednevekovskogo goroda
(Moscow, 1998), pp. 40–50.

82
. Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 126–40; William Craft Brumfield,
A History of Russian Architecture
(Cambridge, 1997), pp. 125–9.

83
. On holy fools in Ivan’s reign, see Sergey A. Ivanov,
Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond,
trans. Simon Franklin (Oxford, 2006), esp. pp. 291–9.

84
. For a thoughtful statement of the ‘submission’ case, see Bushkovitch, ‘Epiphany ceremony’, pp. 1–17.

85
. Michael Flier, ‘Breaking the code: the image of the tsar in the Muscovite Palm Sunday ritual’, in Michael S. Flier and Daniel Rowland, eds.,
Medieval Russian Culture,
vol. 2. California Slavic Studies (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1994), pp. 213–42.

86
. On Ivan’s health, see Charles Halperin, ‘Ivan IV’s insanity’,
Russian History,
34 (2007), pp. 207–18, and Edward L. Keenan, ‘Ivan IV and the King’s Evil:
Ni maka li to budet?
’,
Russian History,
20 (1993), pp. 5–13.

87
. For a discussion, see Bogatyrev, ‘Micro-periodization’, pp. 398–409.

88
. The items were later specified by two German witnesses, Johannes Taube and Elert Kruze. See ‘Poslanie Ioganna Taube i Elerta Kruze’,
Russkii istoricheskii zhurnal
(Petrograd, 1922),
kniga
8, p. 31. These two also allege that Ivan lost all his hair as a result of the stress of the 1564–5 winter.

89
. Skrynnikov,
Velikii gosudar’,
vol. 1, pp. 342–4.

90
. The reasons for it all are still unclear. Most historians, including Skrynnikov, see Ivan’s goal to be his own freedom of action and direct arbitrary rule. For a discussion, see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 48 and de Madariaga,
Ivan,
pp. 186–8.

91
. de Madariaga,
Ivan,
p. 180.

92
. On the prayers, see Skrynnikov,
Velikii gosudar
’, vol. 1, p. 330. On Ivan’s view of his own divine burden, see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 32, and Priscilla Hunt, ‘Ivan IV’s personal mythology of kingship’,
Slavic Review,
52, 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 769–809.

93
. Sergey Ivanov discusses Ivan’s contradictory behaviour in
Holy Fools,
pp. 288–9.

94
. de Madariaga,
Ivan,
p. 183; Martin,
Medieval Russia,
p. 348.

95
. As did von Staden; see
Land and Government,
p. 121.

96
. von Staden,
Land and Government,
p. 17.

97
. de Madariaga,
Ivan,
p. 231.

98
.
Prince Kurbsky’s History of Ivan IV,
ed. with a translation and notes by J. L. I. Fennell (Cambridge, 1965), p. 207.

99
. von Staden,
Land and Government,
p. 41.

100
. For a life of Filipp, see G. P. Fedotov,
Sviatoi Filipp mitropolit Moskovskii
(Paris, 1928).

101
. Bogatyrev,
Sovereign,
p. 220.

102
. Created in 1569 by the Treaty of Lublin.

103
. Taube and Kruze, ‘Poslanie Ioganna Taube i Elerta Kruze’, p. 48.

104
. von Staden,
Land and Government,
p. 27.

105
. Taube and Kruze, ‘Poslanie Ioganna Taube i Elerta Kruze’, pp. 49–51.

106
. G. N. Bocharov and V. P. Vygolov,
Aleksandrovskaia sloboda
(Moscow, 1970), pp. 7–8.