Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (151 page)

200 Ettinghausen, R., Grabar, O. and Jenkins-Madina, M.,
Islamic Art and Architecture 650–1250,
2nd edn (New Haven and London, 2001), 39, fig. 39.

201 Similar but more elaborate portals can be seen in Cairo at the mosque of
(1318–35), the complex of
built in 1356, the complex of Qa’itbāy (1472–4) and the mosque of Aqbughā al-Utrush (1399–1410). Blair, S. S. and Bloom, J. M.,
The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–180
(New Haven, CT, 1995), 74–90, figs.107, 110, 117.

202 A letter appointing a new
nā’ib
to the fortress of
in 679/1280, contains a long list of the governor’s responsibilities. Among them are the fortress granaries, which were directly supervised by him. Ibn al-Furāt,
,
Ta’rīkh al-duwal wa’l-mulūk
, vol. 7, ed. Zurayk, Q. (Beirut, 1942), 192. I would like to thank Dr Y. Frankel from the Department of Middle Eastern History at Haifa University for drawing my attention to this information.

203 Ibn Shaddād,
Ta’rīkh
, 252.

204 Ibn Shaddād,
, vol. 2, pt. 2, 79; Lane,
Lexicon
, bk. 1, pt. 2, 671.

205 Ibn Shaddād,
Ta’rīkh
, 351–352;
,
Wafayāt
, vol. 10, 341.
was probably following Ibn Shaddād.

206 Brown, “Karak,” 287–304.

207
, “Residential architecture,” 53.

208 Ibn ,
, 163–4.

209 Comfort, A., Abadie-Reynal, C. and Ergeç, R. “Crossing the Euphrates in antiquity: Zeugma seen from space,”
Anatolian Studies
50 (2000):107–21.

210 The name
Zeugma
means “link” or “bridge” in Greek. Comfort
et al
., “Euphrates,” 101–2.

211 Keppie, L.,
The Making of the Roman Army, from Republic to Empir
(London, 1998), 196.

212 Parker, H. M. D.,
The Roman Legion
(Oxford, 1928, 1980), 126.

213 Parker,
Roman Legions
, 259; Stark, F.,
Rome on the Euphrates
(London, 1966), 252.

214 Comfort
et al
., “Euphrates,” 111, 107–8.

215 Ibn al-Athīr,
Kāmil
, 475

216
Khalīl b. Shāhīn,
Kitāb zoubdat Kashf al-Mamālik
, ed. P. Ravaisse (Paris, 1884), 51.

217 Streck, M., “Biredjik,”
EI
²
1:1233.

218 Ibn al-Athīr,
Kāmil
, vol. 11, 475, 482–4;
,
Al-Dāris fī tārīkh al-Madāris
(Beirut, 1990), vol. 2, 141. The latter mentions al-Bīra at the end of a list of sites conquered by
al-Dīn in 1179; Ehrenkreutz,
Saladin
, 176.