Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (147 page)

136 Qalqashandī, Shihāb al-Dīn
(Beirut, 1987), vol. 4, 206.

137 Qalqashandī,
(Cairo, 1985), vol. 14, 379, 393.

138 Qalqashandī,
(Beirut 1987), vol. 4, 104.

139 William of Tyre, bk. 12, 21, 546; Fulcher of Chartres,
A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095–1127
, trans. F. R. Ryan, ed. H. S. Fink (University of Tennessee, 1969), bk. III, ch. 28, 1, 241–2; Ellenblum,
Modern Histories
, 170.

140 Ibn
,
Rawd
, 396–7, Maqrīzī,
Sulūk
, vol. 1, pt. 2, 600–1.

141
The Templar of Tyre’: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’,
trans. P. Crawford (Aldershot, 2003), 68; on the attack of Edward of England see Amitai, R., “Edward of England and Abagha Ilkhan,” in
Tolerance and Intolerance
, eds M. Gervers and J. M. Powell (Syracuse, 2004), 75–80; Thorau,
Baybars
, 209; Marshall,
Warfare
, 206–7.

142 Ibn al-Furāt,
Ta’rīkh
(Lyons), 101.

143 Burchard of Mount Sion,
A Description of the Holy Land
(London, 1897), PPTS, vol. 12, 94–5.

144 Ayalon, D., “The Mamluks and naval power: a phase of the struggle between Islam and Christian Europe,” in
Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1/8 (1967): 8–9.

145 Ibn
, 294; Maqrīzī,
Sulūk
, 1, pt. 2, 51; Poliak, A. N.,
Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and the Lebanon, 1250–1900
(London, 1939), 9; Ayalon, “Naval power,” 10; Thorau,
Baybars
, 188; Amitai-Preiss,
Mongols
, 70. R. Irwin, “
’ and the end of the Crusader states,” in
The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades
, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster, 1977), 71. In later decades groups of Wāfidiyya were also settled along the Syro-Palestinian coast. This policy was established at the end of the Ayyubid period. Ayalon, D., “The Wafidiyya in the Mamluk kingdom,” in
Studies on the Mamluks of Egypt (1250–1217)
(London, Variorum, 1977), II, 94, 99–100.

146 Elad, A., “The cities of Palestine during the early Arab period (604–1066 a.d.) according to Arabic sources,”
Cathedra
8 (1978): 16 [Hebrew]; Masarwa, Y., “Early Islamic military architecture: the birth of the Ribat on the Palestinian coast,”
al-Wusta
(October 2008): 38.

147 Pringle, D.,
The ed Tower (al Burj al
) Settlement in the Plain of Sharon at the Time of the Crusaders and Mamluks
A.D.
1099–1516
(London, 1986), 58–71.

148 Guérin, V.,
Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine: Seconde partie-Samarie
(Paris, 1875), vol. 2, 241–2.

149 Condor, C. R. and Kitchner, H. H.,
The Survey of Western Palestine: Memories of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography and Archaeology
(London, 1881), vol. 2, 153.

150 A discussion concerning the tower and its role in the Crusader period can be found in Kennedy,
Castles
, 36–7.

151 Benvenisti,
Crusaders
, 198–9.

152 Kurkar: fossilized sand dune.

153 Ibn
, 396–7. According to Maqrīzī, the governor of the fortress fled. Maqrīzī,
Sulūk
, vol. 1, pt. 2, 600;
, vol. 2, 91; Ibn Shaddād gives a strange report and says that the fortress was destroyed by Bīlīk al-Khaznadār. This information is not supported by any other chronicler. Ibn Shaddād,
Ta’rīkh
, 252; Pringle,
Red Tower
, 62.