Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (131 page)

107 Biran, M.,
Qaidu
, 1–3; Morgan, D.,
Medieval Persia 1040–1797
(London and New York, 1986), 63; Boyle,
Iran
, 393.

108 Rashīd al-Dīn,
Jāmī‘ al-tawārīkh
(Thackston), ol. 3, 656; Nuwayrī,
Nihāyat
, vol. 32:28–30.

109 Boyle, I
ran
, 403.

110 Abū’l-Fidā’,
Syrian Prince
(Holt), 62–3.

111 Ibid., 62; Al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Ahmad b.
,
Kitāb al-sulūk li-ma’rifat duwal al-mulūk
, ed. M. M. Ziy
ā
da, and S. ‘A-F. Āshūr (Cairo, 1934–73), vol. 2, pt. 1, 115.

112 Abu’l-Fidā’,
Syrian Prince
(Holt), 62; Boyle,
Iran
, 403; Amitai-Preiss, R., “New material from the Mamluk sources for the biography of Rashīd al-Din,” in
The Court of the Il-khans 1290–1340,
eds. J. Raby and T. Fitzherbert (Oxford, 1996), Oxford Studies in Islamic Art XII, 29–31.

113 Ibn al-Qalanisi,
The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades
, extracted and translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi, trans. H. A. R. Gibb (London, 1932), 56–7.

114 Ibid., 78–9.

115 Amitai-Preiss,
Mongols
, 202–5; on Mongol imperial ideology see Amitai-Preiss, R., “Mongol imperial ideology and the Ilkhanid war against the Mamluks,” in
The Mongol Empire and its Legacy
, eds R. Amitai-Preiss and D. Morgan (Leiden, 1999), 57–72.

116 A brief hint of a change of policy can be found in the reign of the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalīl (689/1290–693/1293); see Chapter 4.

117 Abū ‘l-Fidā, Syrian Prince (Holt), 36.

118
Ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awasī
,
A Muslim Manual of War, Tafrīj al-kurūb fī tadbīr
, ed. and trans. G. T. Scanlon (Cairo, 1961), 43–4.

119 Ibid., 120–2.

120 Ibid., 25.

121 Ibid., 27.

122 Ibid., 25.

123 Ibid., 95 (Arabic section).

124 Ibid., 120–1.

125 Ayalon, D., “Egypt as a dominant factor in Syria and Palestine during the Islamic period,” in
Outsiders in the Lands of Islam: Mamluks, Mongols and Eunuchs
(London, Variorum, 1988), II, 35.

126 Ayalon, D., “The Muslim city and the Mamluk military aristocracy,” in
Studies on Mamluks of Egypt (1250–1517)
(London, Variorum, 1977), VII, 319–29.

127 Thorau, Baybars, 138–9; Ayalon, D., “Le régiment
dans l’armée Mamelouke,” in
Studies on Mamluks of Egypt (1250–1517)
, (London, Variorum, 1977), III, 133–41.

128 Ibn al-Furāt,
Ta’rīkh
(Lyons), 96–95; ibid, “
,”
EI
²
1:944–5.

129 Amitai, R. “Foot soldiers, militiamen and volunteers in the early Mamluk army,”
Texts, Documents and Artifacts
, ed. C. F. Robinson (Leiden, 2003), 246; Ibn
,
Tashrīf
, 80–1; Northrup,
Qalāwūn
, 132; for a detailed explanation of the term
jarjya
see Chapter 3, note 110.

130 Ayalon, D., “The auxiliary forces of the Mamluk Sultanate,”
DI
65 (1988): 15–16; Benvenisti,
Crusaders
, 199.

131 Amitai, “Foot Soldiers,” 239–40.

132 Al-Yūnīnī,
Dhayl
(Guo), vol. 1, 103.

133 Abu’l-Fidā’,
Syrian Prince
(Holt), 63.

134 Kennedy,
Castles
, 164.

135 Abu’l-Fidā’,
Syrian Prince
(Holt), 63.

136 Al-Yūnīnī,
Dhayl
(Guo), vol. 1, 166.

137 Ibid., vol. 1, 170-171.

138 Leonard, R. A.
A Short Guide to Clausewitz, On War
(London, 1967), 30.

139 Verbruggen, J. F.
The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages
, (Woodbridge, 1997), 119.

140 Ibid., 108.

141 Paterson W. F., “The Archers of Islam,”
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
9 (1996): 83; Foley, V., Palmer, G. and Soedel W. “The Crossbow,”
Scientific American
252 (January, 1985): 85.

142 Latham, J. D. and Paterson, W. F.,
Saracen Archery, An English Version and Exposition of a Mameluke Work on Archery
(ca. A.D. 1368). (London, 1970), xxxv, 137.

143 This will be further discussed and demonstrated in the following chapters.

144 Rashīd al-Dīn,
Jami‘u’t-Tawarikh
(Thackston), II, 507

145 Chevedden,
Damascus
, 8-9; Chevedden, “Development,” 33-43.

146 Ambraseys, N and Melville, C. P. “An analysis of the Eastern Mediterranean earthquake of 20 May 1202,” in
Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World
, eds. W. H. K. Lee, H. Meyers and K. Shimazaki (London, 1998), 181-200.

3

Laying the foundations

1 Morgan, D.,
The Mongols
(Oxford, 1986), 84–6; Martin, D. H. “The Mongol army,”
JRAS
(1943): 46–85.

2 Smith, J. M. Jr. “Ayn Jālūt: Mamluk success or Mongol failure?,”
HJAS
44 (1984): 307–45, 314.

3
Barīd
, the official Mamluk postal service reorganized by Baybars. During the thirteenth century it was used primarily for the Sultanate’s political and military needs. In later centuries it also served commercial traffic. Sourdel, D.
,
“Barīd,”
EI
²
1:1045–6; Silverstein, A. J.,
Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World
(Cambridge, 2007), 165–85.