Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (124 page)

81 Ibn
, vol. 3, 819.

82 Marshall,
Warfare
, 19.

83 Humphreys,
Saladin
, 136–7.

84 Ibn
,
Mufarrij
, vol. 3, 216; Ibn al-Athīr,
Kāmil
, vol. 12, 300.

85 Benvenisti,
Crusaders
, 359.

86 Ibn
,
Mufarrij
, vol. 3, 215–16.

87 Jacques de Vitry,
History of Jerusalem
A.D.
1189,
trans. from Latin by A. Stewart (London, 1886),
PPTS
, vol. 11, 119.

88 Ibid., 119.

89 Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, 144–7.

90
: thick conical clay pots with a short and narrow neck, containing an inflammable liquid and a wick, similar to a Molotov Cocktail. The wick was lit and the pot was thrown at the enemy. Thee are several questions concerning this peculiar weapon that have yet to be answered. In the case of Mount Tabor the Franciscan excavation had unearthed over twenty of those vessels in the fortress grounds. See Battista and Bagatti,
Monte Tabor
, 119–42. Ayalon says that “the use of naphtha by the Muslims reached its peak during the period of the Crusades.” See Ayalon, D.,
Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom
, 2nd edn (London, 1978), 10–11.

91
Ibn al-Jawzī,
Mir’āt
, vol. 8, pt. 2, 584–5.

92 Ibn al-Athīr,
Kāmil
, vol. 12, 322.

93 Ibn
,
Mufarrij
, vol. 3, 215;
Ibn Jawzī,
Mir’āt
, vol. 8, pt. 1, 585; Ibn al-Athīr,
Kāmil
, vol. 12, 323.

94 Oliver of Paderborn, cited in Ellenblum,
Modern Histories
, n. 47, pp. 136, 137.

95 Ibn
,
Mufarrij
, vol. 3, 215.

96 The Crusader armies only left Egypt twenty months later at the end of August 1221. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, 147–9.

97 Ibn
,
Mufarrij
, vol. 3, 212.

98 Abū ‘l-Fidā’,
, vol. 12, 208.

99 Maqrīzī,
Sulūk
, vol. 1, part 1, 176.

100 Johns, “
,” 24, 28.

101 Ibn
,
Mufarrij
, vol. 3, 202