Mike Guardia (26 page)

Ibid; Duque, “Interview of Colonel Sotomu Terau, Chief of Staff 19th Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 12 September 1945” in
Interviews with Surrendered Japanese General Officers
, USAFIP-NL G3, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^309.
Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.63–67 The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^310.
Ibid.
^311.
Ibid, 69.
^312.
Ibid; “Interview of Colonel Sotomu Terau, Chief of Staff 19th Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 12 September 1945.”
^313.
Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.18 The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI
^314.
Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.22, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^315.
Volckmann, “On the Role of Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Unconventional Warfare: Allied Resistance to the Japanese,” p.18–20, Rand Corporation, July 1963.
^316.
Ibid; Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p. 96–101, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^317.
Volckmann, “Special Order 129,” 4 December 1944, USAFIP Letters and Correspondence, RG 409, Box 467, NARA.
^318.
Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.75, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI
^319.
Volckmann, “Special Order 129,” 4 December 1944, USAFIP Letters and Correspondence, RG 409, Box 467, NARA; Blackburn, “War within a War: The Philippines 1942–1945”,
Conflict
, Volume 7–2, 153.
^320.
Ibid.
^321.
Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.33, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^322.
Ibid, 35.
^323.
Ibid.
^324.
Ibid, 36.
^325.
Morton,
Triumph in the Philippines
, 560.
^326.
Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.63–67 The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI; “14th Infantry Operations,” USAFIPNL Battle Records, RG 409, Box 250, NARA.
^327.
Ibid.
^328.
Duque, “Interview of Major General Toshimitsu Takatsu, Chief of Staff 23rd Infantry Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 20 September 1945” in
Interviews with Surrendered Japanese General Officers
, USAFIP-NL G3, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^329.
Volckmann, “Special Order 3,” 7 August 1944, USAFIP-NL Letters and Correspondence, RG 409, Box 467, NARA; USAFIP-NL Situation Map— 14 January 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 6, MHI.
^330.
Blackburn, “The Operations of the 11th Infantry, USAFIP,NL”, Infantry Officers Advanced Course—Fort Benning, GA, 1948, p. 1–3, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.
^331.
Ibid.
^332.
Ibid, 6–10.
^333.
Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.78–80, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^334.
Blackburn, “The Operations of the 11th Infantry, USAFIP,NL”, Infantry Officers Advanced Course—Fort Benning, GA, 1948, p. 22, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection; Flanagan,
Airborne!: A Combat History of American Airborne Forces
, p. 336–37.
^335.
Volckmann, “G2 Weekly Intelligence Reports: Vol. 1”, May–June 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 7, MHI.
^336.
Ibid, December 1944–April 1945.
^337.
Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.49–60, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^338.
Volckmann, “G3 Situation Reports” 15–24 June 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^339.
USAFIP-NL Situation Map—15 July 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 6, MHI.
^340.
Ibid.
^341.
Volckmann, “G3 Situation Reports” 1 July–1 August 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^342.
Ibid, 1–15 August 1945; Blackburn Oral History, 204, MHI.
^343.
Victory at Bessang Pass—
Macapagal Administration, 1962. Publication commemorates the 17th anniversary of the final victory of the USAFIP-NL. The Volckmann Family Collection; Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.110–11, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^344.
Interview with Russell Volckmann Jr.; MacArthur, “Citation: The Distinguished Service Cross,” 27 January 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.
Chapter 10
^345.
Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 21 February 2007.
^346.
Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 5 August 2008.
^347.
“File: Russell W. Volckmann,” World War II Prisoners of War Data File: 1941–1946, RG 389, NARA. POW records indicated that Volckmann was officially “Missing in Action” as of May 1942. His status was subsequently updated in January 1945.
^348.
“MacArthur Tells Volckmann’s Work with Guerrillas,” in
The Clinton Herald,
5 March 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.
^349.
“Russell W. Volckmann is Reported Safe,” in
The Clinton Herald
, 15 January 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.
^350.
“Yamashita Trial Set for Manila,” in
The Clinton Herald
, 4 October 1945; Clips from RKO Newsreel—26 September 1945 (originally shown at the Rialto Theater in Clinton, Iowa), The Volckmann Family Collection.
^351.
Duque, “Interview of Major General Toshimitsu Takatsu, Chief of Staff 23rd Infantry Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 20 September 1945” and “Interview of Colonel Sotomu Terau, Chief of Staff 19th Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 12 September 1945” in
Interviews with Surrendered Japanese General Officers
, USAFIP-NL G3, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
^352.
Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 5 August 2008; “Hero Reunited with Family,” in
The Clinton Herald
, 8 December 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.
^353.
“News Writers Trailed Hero Across the Nation,” in
The Clinton Herald
, 7 December 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.
^354.
“Clinton’s War Hero is Home!” in
The Clinton Herald
, 7 December 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.
^355.
Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 5 August 2008.
^356.
“War Hero is Reunited Here with Wife, Son,” in
The Clinton Herald
, 8 December 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.
^357.
Blackburn Oral History, p.223, MHI.
^358.
Roxas letter to Volckmann, 31 July 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.
^359.
Blackburn Oral History, p.223, MHI.
^360.
Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr.; “Guerrilla Recognition Files,” RG 407, Box 465, NARA.
^361.
Ibid.
^362.
Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 21 February 2007.
^363.
Blackburn Oral History, p.222, MHI.
^364.
Ibid.
^365.
Ibid.
^366.
Ibid.
^367.
Ibid, p.223.
^368.
Ibid.
^369.
Ibid, p. 224.
^370.
Ibid.
^371.
“Proclamation of Amnesty,” signed by the Honorable Kenneth Royal, Secretary of the Army, 12 August 1949, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.
^372.
Blackburn Oral History, p. 228, MHI.
^373.
Ibid.
^374.
Ibid.
Chapter 11
^375.
Volckmann, FM 31-21
Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare
, p.23.
^376.
McClintock,
Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and CounterTerrorism, 1940–1990
, p.45.
^377.
“Russell William Volckmann,”
Assembly
, Vol. 47, April 1988, The Volckmann Family Collection. This is Volckmann’s obituary from the West Point alumni newsletter.
^378.
Volckmann, FM 31-20
Operations Against Guerrilla Forces
, p.2.
^379.
Ibid, p.24–34.
^380.
Ibid, p.35–38.
^381.
Ibid, p.44–46; Birtle,
U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine: 1942–1976
, p.104–05.
^382.
Volckmann, FM 31-20
Operations Against Guerrilla Forces
, p.57–63.
^383.
Ibid.
^384.
Ibid, p.47–51.
^385.
Ibid, p.71–74.
^386.
Ibid.
^387.
Birtle,
U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine: 1942–1976
, p.104–05.
^388.
Willoughby,
MacArthur, 1941–1951
, p.210.
^389.
Ibid.
^390.
Paschall,
A Study in Command and Control: Special Operations in Korea, 1951–1953
, p.2–3.
^391.
Birtle,
U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine: 1942–1976
, p.109; Evanhoe,
Darkmoon: Eighth Army Special Operations in Korea
, p.20.
^392.
Ibid.
^393.
Ibid, p.110.
^394.
Volckmann, “Career Chronology of Russell W. Volckmann,” attachment to 21 March 1969 letter to History Office, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center, Special Operations Archives; Interviews with Russell Volckmann Jr., William Volckmann, and Helen Volckmann, August 5–10 2008; Various personal papers covering 1949–1951, The Volckmann Family Collection.
^395.
Volckmann, letter to the History Office, John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, 21 March 1969, Special Operations Archives. Letter contains Volckmann’s description of how he became involved with McClure and the OCPW.
^396.
Paschall,
A Study in Command and Control: Special Operations in Korea, 1951–1953
.
^397.
Ibid.
^398.
Ibid.
^399.
Ibid.
^400.
Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 21 February 2007.
Chapter 12
^401.
Paddock,
US Army Special Warfare: Its Origins
, p.72.
^402.
Ibid, p.111–129.
^403.
Ibid, p.88.
^404.
Paschall,
Study in Command and Control: Special Operations in Korea, 1951–1953
, p.14.
^405.
Ibid.
^406.
“Major General Robert Alexis McClure,”
Time
, 14 January 1957; Daugherty and Janowitz,
A Psychological Warfare Casebook,
p.131; “Operational Groups,” Exhibition at the Army Airborne Museum, Fayetteville, North Carolina.
^407.
Volckmann letter, 21 March 1969, Special Operations Archives.
^408.
Bank, letter to the History Office, John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, 23 February 1969, Special Operations Archives. Letter contains Bank’s recollections of his duties with OCPW. In this letter, Bank gives Volckmann credit for formulating the operating concepts of Special Forces.
^409.
Volckmann, “Memorandum to the Commanding General, Infantry Center: Analysis and Suggestions re Gen J. Lawton Collins’ Conference, 5 April 1951”, 9 April 1951, RG 319, Box 12, NARA; Paddock,
US Army Special Warfare: Its Origins
, p.122.
^410.
Ibid.
^411.
Ibid.
^412.
Ibid.
^413.
Volckmann, “Findings and Recommendations re Special Operations Training,” Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare, RG 319, Box 15, NARA.
^414.
Brown,
Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army
, p.1, 220; Bank, letter to the History Office, John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, 23 February 1969, Special Operations Archives; Schemmer,
U.S. Special Operations Forces
, p.84.
^415.
Bank, letter to the History Office, John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, 23 February 1969, Special Operations Archives.
^416.
Ney,
Notes on Guerrilla Warfare: Principles and Practices
, p.158.
^417.
“Volckmann's USAFIP-NL’, p.5-6, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection. Unpublished text (~15 pages) outlining historical achievements of USAFIP-NL. Volckmann letter to USAFIP-NL District Commanders, “Operating Principles and Procedures, USAFIP-NL,’ 16 March 1944, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.
^418.
Volckmann letter to USAFIP-NL District Commanders, “Operating Principles and Procedures, USAFIP-NL,’ 16 March 1944, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection. Specifically, Volckmann put his prisoners to work in clerical positions typing memos or performing menial labor jobs.
^419.
Volckmann, “Outline of Events, Policies, and Orders Relative to the Apprehension and Elimination of Filipino Jap Spies and Informers’, 1946 (unspecified date), The Donald D. Blackburn Collection; Volckmann letter to American Forces Pacific Area Command (AFPAC) “Date of Recognition: United States Armed Forces in the Philippines — North Luzon’, 26 November 1945, RG 407, Box 468, NARA. Praeger was by no means the only guerrilla to be captured as a result of Filipino collaboration with the Japanese. Volckmann provides the names of twelve (12) other guerrillas who met similar fates.
^420.
Dizon, “Complete Data Covering the Guerrilla Activities of the Late Colonel Claude A. Thorp’, Army G1, RG 407, Box 258, NARA.
^421.
Blackburn Oral History, 104-09, MHI; Blackburn, “War within a War: The Philippines 1942-1945’,
Conflict
, Volume 7-2, p.137-38.
^422.
Erieta, “North Luzon Guerrilla Warfare and Governor Roque Ablan’s Exiled Commonwealth Government,’ RG 407, Box 297, NARA.