Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome (51 page)

Roxane and, 121, 123, 128–29; satrap system

Aegean, ix, 4, 85n41; Greco-Persian Wars and,

and, 125–29, 134; as son of Zeus, 120; spice

13, 16, 19–20, 23, 32–33, 35, 40, 42; pirates

trade and, 133; transition regime and,

and, 33; Second Athenian League and,

125–26; transpopulation policy and, 127

72–73; trade importance of, 32

Alexandria, Egypt, 127–28, 134

Aegina, 186

Algerian War of Independence, 202

Aegospotami, battle of, 67, 85n37

American Civil War, 191

Aeneas the Tactician, 75, 154–55, 157

Ammon, 120

Aeschylus, 28

Amphipolis, 155

Afghanistan, 6, 122–23, 215

Amyntas, 127

Africa, 3, 166, 186, 210, 221, 239–40

Anabasis
(Xenophon), 139

Against Verres
(Cicero), 176

Anatolia, 12, 189, 192, 199

Agesilaus, 90n64, 95–97, 100, 105, 142

Andriscus, 189

Agesilaus
(Plutarch), 100

Ankara, 120

agora, 144–51

Antigonus, 125

agriculture, 96, 113n3, 143, 190

Antioch, 134

Ahura Mazda, 17–18, 26

Antiochus, 194

Alamanni, 232, 235, 244n5

Apamea, 194

Alans, 239

Aphrodite, 177

Alcibiades, 53, 100

Apis, 132

Alcidamas, 191

Apollo, 37

Alexander the Great, 2, 8, 93, 223; Aristotle

Aquilius, Manius, 199

and, 130; assassination of Philip II and, 119;

Aramaic, 173

Bactrian campaigns of, 121–29, 134; battle

Arcadia, 97, 104, 104–6, 116n19, 144

of Gaugamela and, 119–20, 124–25; battle

Arcadian League, 154

of Granicus and, 119–20, 123; burning

Archelaus, 176

of Persepolis and, 120–22; Companion

archers, 151, 172

Cavalry and, 119; consolidation challenges

Archidamaus, 103, 149

and, 6; Darius and, 120–21, 124; death of,

archon, 64

123–24; Diodorus on, 127–28; disloyalty to,

Ardis, 16

126–27, 134; economic policies and, 132–33;

Areia, 121, 124

Argives, 37, 66

and, 34; Themistocles and, 58–59, 70 (
see

Argos, 69, 71, 139, 151, 155, 186

also
Themistocles); Thirty Tyrants and, 67,

Ariovistus, 211, 213–14, 218

139, 151; tribute payments and, 34–35, 38, 45;

Aristides, 81n16

urban fighting and, 139–42, 156–57

Aristobulus, 174

Athenodorus, 130

Aristonicus of Pergamum, 189, 192

Athens, 21, 95; capture by Mardonius and,

Aristonike, 60

60–61; conquest of, 67–68; democracy and,

Aristophanes, 94

94; empire building and, 70; fortifications

Aristotle, 74, 130, 187, 190

of, 58–78, 125; as
hegemon
, 33; increasing

Arminius, 165, 167

glory of, 63–66; interstate system and, 59,

armor, 2, 41, 139, 149, 153, 196

63, 69, 71–73, 77, 86n43, 87n50, 88n58; Long

Arrian, 126

Walls and, 5, 52, 59, 63, 65–70, 73, 76–77,

Arsinoë, 131

84nn29,30,32, 85n40; Lysander and, 67–68;

Arsites, 119

naval power and, 58–60, 63–65; Piraeus

Arta, 17

and, 139 (
see also
Piraeus); rebuilding of, 61,

Artabazus, 125, 127

69, 72–78.
See also
Acropolis of Athens

Artaxerxes, 69–70

Atrebates, 214

Artaxerxes V, 121, 133

Attica, 44, 72; defense of, 73; equality and,

Asander, 125

22; fortifications and, 58–59, 75, 91n69;

Ashdown, battle of, 3

Long Walls and, 65; Persians and, 23–24;

Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, 101

preemption and, 103; Spartans and, 21, 68;

assassinations, 18, 119, 141, 168, 175, 207, 182n22,

Themistocles’ strategy for, 59–60

222, 234

auctoritas
(precariousness of reputation), 224

Assyria, 12, 19

Augustus, 163, 165, 170, 200, 207, 223–24

Athena, 41

autonomia
, 106–7

Athenians, 106; Assembly and, 38; battle of

autonomy: Boeotia and, 94–99, 103–12; Epami-

Marathon and, 24–26; Boeotia and, 96;

nondas and, 94; King’s Peace and, 71–72,

Callias peace treaty and, 41–43; class issues

89n63; Messenia and, 98–99; polis and, 151;

and, 40–41; cleruchy and, 34; competition

Roman state power and, 174–75; satrap sys-

and, 35–36; Conon and, 58–59, 69–70, 75,

tem and, 125–26; Second Athenian League

87n47; Corinthians and, 53–54; Darius and,

and, 72–73; slave wars and, 185–202

23–26; defense mentality and, 73–75; Delian

Avidius Cassius, 166

Leauge and, 31–34, 43, 45; democracy and,

21–23, 34, 40–41; economic growth of, 5;

Babylon, 132, 172; Alexander and, 120, 123–24;

education and, 50; Egyptian campaign of,

crushing of Judah by, 12; Cyrus’s invasion

55; elitism and, 40; empire building and,

of, 11–16; expansion of, 12; loss of without

34–55, 97; financial gain of, 37–40; fortifica-

battle, 11; Marduk and, 12, 14; reputation

tions and, 5, 58–78; freedom and, 36, 40,

of, 12; sacking of Nineveh and, 12; satrap

49; Great Panathenaic Festival and, 41; in-

system and, 125

feriority complex of, 26; Ionian ties of, 32;

Bactria, 121–29, 134

isonomia
and, 22; King’s Peace and, 70–73,

Balacrus, 125

86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; Melian Dialogue

Balkans, 211

and, 36; naval power and, 51–53, 73; Old

banditry: counterinsurgency and, 168–71,

Oligarch and, 38–40, 50–51; peace with

182n20; frontier defense and, 227, 229,

Persia and, 41–42; Pericles and, 4–5, 31 (
see

232–33; pirates and, 33, 190, 198–200, 209;

also
Pericles); phalanx and, 24; quality of

slave wars and, 191

life and, 38–40; Second Athenian League

barbarians: frontier defense and, 227–42; Io-

and, 72–73; slavery and, 186, 188; Spartans

nian concept of, 9, 25, 28, 40; temple burn-

and, 35, 48, 63, 67–69; Sphodrias and, 72–73;

ings and, 28, 43, 45–48, 53, 59–62, 228–42

swearing allegiance to, 34–35; Thasians

Bardiya, 18

250 Index

Bar-Kokhba, Simon, 165–67, 169, 172

Cassius, 175, 221

Batavians, 165

Cato the Younger, 213

Batis, 132

Catullus, 218

Bel, 132

Celts, 190, 198

Belgic tribes, 212

centurions, 219–20, 222, 226nn20,22

Berkey, David, vii, 5, 58–92

Cestius Gallus, 173

Berlin, 140

Chaeronea, 100, 106, 119

Berlin Wall, 68

Chalcidians, 35

Bessus, 121, 124, 133

China, 202

bipolar state system, 63, 69, 86n43

Chios, 33, 186, 188, 193, 195, 197

Bisitun, 18

Chnodomarius, 235–36, 238

Bithynia, 166

Christians, 166, 191, 238

Black Sea, 32, 42, 238

Cicero, 93, 171, 176–78, 199, 206, 219

blood drinking, 131

Cilicia, 125, 169, 171, 194

Boeotia, 60, 71, 89n61, 113n3, 147, 188; Athenians

Cimbri, 212

and, 96; as backwater, 95; democracy and,

Cimon, 42, 44, 46, 55

94–99; Epaminondas and, 94–99, 103–12;

citizens: status of Roman, 172–75; urban fight-

fourth-century, 94–96; invasion of 370–69

ing and, 138–57

and, 96–99; oligarchy and, 95–96, 105, 108–

city-states: acropolis and, 144; agora and,

12, 114n5, 116n21; passive/active strategies

144–51; Athenian empire building and,

of, 96; preemption and, 103–12; Spartans

34–55; autonomy and, 36–37; bipolar state

and, 95–96; urban fighting and, 147

system and, 63, 69, 86n43; borderland

Boeotian League, 71

control and, 36–37; circuit wall and, 143–44,

bolt-shooters, 155

151–52; Delian League and, 31–34, 43,

border defense.
See
frontier defense

45; Epaminondas and, 94; fortifications

Bosporus, 32

and, 58–78, 151–52 (
see also
fortifications);

Boudicca, 165

freedom and, 49; Great Panathenaic Fes-

Boukoloi
(bandit group), 169

tival and, 41; grid-planned, 146–47; house

Britain, 123; civil war and, 207; counter-

construction and, 147; interstate system

insurgency and, 165, 167, 171–72; Julius

and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77, 86n43, 87n50,

Caesar and, 206–7, 212–16; naval power

88n58; Ionian, 40; King’s Peace and, 70–73,

and, 77–78

86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; polis description

Brutus, 221

and, 143–44; Second Athenian League and,

Bulla Felix, 200

72–73; slavery and, 186; street layout and,

Burebista, 211

146–49, 155; urban fighting and, 138–57

Burgundians, 239–40

Civilis, 165–66

Bush, George W., 102, 112

civil wars, 3, 131, 139; Britain and, 207; counter-

Byzantine Empire, 207

insurgency and, 163, 165–66, 170, 174, 176;

keeping the initiative and, 221; Rome

Cadmea, 144

and, 206–10, 213, 216–17, 221–24; slave wars

Caesar, title of, 207

and, 191, 198, 200; urban warfare and, 142,

Calas, 125

145–46, 150

Calgacus, 167

Claudii Marcelli, 177

Callias, 40–41, 43

Claudius, 166, 176

Callisthenes, 122

Clausewitz, 10

Cambyses, 17–18

Clazomenae islands, 70

Campania, 190

Cleitus, 122, 127

canton kings, 235–36

Cleomenes, 126

Caria, 126

Cleopatra, 221

Carthaginians, 54, 109, 148, 189

cleruchy, 34

Index 251

Coeranus, 126

talents of, 14–16; strategy of, 13–16; Temple

coercive democratization, 5–6

of Jerusalem and, 15; urban fighting and,

Colophon, 34–35

139; as vassal of Media, 13; Yahweh and, 15

Columella, 190

Commentaries on the Gallic War
(Julius Caesar),

Dacians, 211, 222

165, 212, 216, 218–19

Damophilus of Enna, 191–92

Commius, 214–16

Danube, 211; frontier defense and, 227–35, 239,

communal servitude, 21, 93, 98, 105, 186–88

244n9; Lower, 229–30, 233–34, 239; Middle,

Companion Cavalry, 119, 127

229–34, 244n9

computer-guided weapons systems, 2

Dardanelles, 32, 42

Conference of Luca, 212

Darius I, 17–18; Alexander and, 120–21, 124;

Conon, 58–59, 69–70, 75–76, 87n47

Athenians and, 23–26; Greece and, 23–26;

Constantine I, 229, 231, 233–34

satrap system and, 125; self-promotion of,

Constantius II, 229–32, 237

18–19; Xerxes and, 26

Corcyra, 141–42, 146, 156, 157

Darius III, 100, 119, 133

Corinth, 53–54, 68–69, 71, 119, 139, 147

Datis, 24

Corinthian Gulf, 188

decarchies, 68

Corinthian War, 70–71, 76

Decelea, 188

corona civica
(gallantry award), 209

defenses.
See
fortifications

cosmic order, 17–19

Delbrück, 10

counterinsurgency, 7; banditry and, 168–71;

Delian League, 31–34, 43, 45

Bar-Kokhba and, 165–67, 169, 172; defining,

Delion, 3, 97

178; established provinces and, 165–66;

Delium, 103

frontier defense and, 227–42; Gaul and,

Delos, 32, 35, 45, 188

165–66; genocide and, 167; Herod Agrippa

Delphi, 37

II and, 173, 176; Herod the Great and, 173,

Demainetos, 88n51

175–76; Illyricum and, 167; Judaea and, 166,

Demeter, 194

168; mass deportation and, 167; modern,

democracy: Arcadia and, 106–7; Argives

178–79; mutilation and, 167; opportunists

and, 66; Athenians and, 34, 40–41, 94;

and, 166; perceived ability to punish and,

Boeotia and, 94–99; class issues and,

167–68; psychological strategy and, 167–68;

40–41; coercive, 5–6; diplomacy and, 215;

Rome and, 163–69; ruling class and, 166;

Epaminondas and, 6, 94; fortifications and,

slave wars and, 196–202; taxes and, 165

66–67, 70, 76, 85n41; Greece and, 21–23, 26;

Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 198–99, 210–12, 217,

Julius Caesar and, 207; Long Walls and,

219

59; military and, 207; oligarchy and, 95–96;

Crete, 186, 199

Pericles and, 94; preemption and, 110; rev-

Crixus, 190

enues for, 38; Thebes and, 94; Thucydides

Cromwell, Oliver, 207

and, 94

crosses, 132, 185, 200

dêmokratia
, 106–7

Curio, 219

demos
(the people), 21–22

cursus honorum
, 209–10

dictators: Augustus and, 223–24; Julius Caesar

Cyanean rocks, 41

and, 207–8, 219, 222; military and, 206–7,

Cyclopean masonry, 59

223–24; Sulla and, 223

Cyprus, 42, 70

Diodorus, 69, 81n16, 99–100, 106, 127–28,

Cyrus, 11–12, 26, 122, 139; ascension of, 13;

204n23

Bardiya and, 18; Cambyses and, 17–18;

Dion, 148, 154

death of, 13–14; dominion of, 13; empire

Dionysia, 130

building and, 13–14; generalship of, 13–14;

Dionysus, 122, 131–32, 194–95

Judaeans and, 14–15; as “King of Kings,”

Dionysus II, 144

13, 15; mercenaries and, 139; psychological

Diviciacus, 214–16