Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome (54 page)

polygamy, 131

pire building and, 27–28, 48; preemption

Pompey: achievements of, 210; counter-

and, 96, 103; street layouts and, 146; urban

insurgency and, 171, 174; Crassus and,

fighting and, 138–41, 144, 146, 153, 155

210–12; death of, 221; Greece and, 220–21;

Plato, 148, 151, 190

Julius Caesar and, 208, 210, 217–24; private

Plutarch, 45, 81n16, 83n28, 84n30, 99, 128, 130

armies and, 217; proconsular power of,

Poitiers, battle of, 3

210; provincial commands of, 210; as

Poliorkêtika
(Aeneas the Tactician), 75, 154–55

Rome’s greatest general, 224; Senate and,

polis.
See
city-states

210; slave wars and, 198, 200; Spain and,

politics: Athenian Empire and, 4–5; bipolar

210, 221; Sulla and, 210; wealth of, 210; as

state system and, 63, 69, 86n43; democracy

“the young butcher,” 210

and, 5–6, 21–23, 34, 207 (
see also
democ-

Pontus, 189, 209

racy); destruction of Long Walls and,

Popular Assembly, 211, 223

67–68; divine sanction and, 18–19; elitism

Porus, 122

and, 15–16; empire building and, 34–55 (
see

preemption, 5–6, 9; aftermath of strategy of,

also
empire building); Epaminondas and,

105–7; aggressive vs. defensive, 100–103;

6, 94; espionage and, 17, 28; fortifications

Alcibiades on, 100; defining, 115n15;

and, 58–59; frontier defense and, 227–42;

democracy and, 110; Epaminondas and,

geopolitics and, 23; Great Panathenaic

97–100, 103–12; Iraq War and, 101–2, 109–12;

Festival and, 41; Greek city-states and,

Israel and, 101–2; lessons learned from,

4–6, 20, 36, 70, 76, 79n1, 94–97, 100, 103–7,

107–10; paradox of, 110; Pearl Harbor and,

112, 114n9, 143, 186; hegemony and, 6, 32,

101; Peloponnesian Wars and, 100, 102–3;

42, 70, 74, 86nn43,45, 93–94, 97, 106, 108,

preventative strategies and, 100–114; re-

117nn28,29,30, 119, 139; Herod the Great

source use and, 108–10; Six-Day War and,

and, 173, 175–76; idealism and, 6, 93, 134;

101–2; Spartans and, 102; Thucydides and,

interstate system and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77,

102–3; United States and, 102, 110–12

86n43, 87n50, 88n58; Ionian, 16–17; Julius

priests, 15–17, 59, 168, 175

Caesar and, 206–17, 220; King’s Peace and,

primus inter pares
, 12

70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; legitimiza-

princeps Graecia
(first man of Greece), 93

tion and, 18; Melian Dialogue and, 36;

private armies, 217–20

multipolar state system and, 69, 73, 86n43;

proskynesis
(prostration custom), 122, 128–29

oligarchs and, 6, 38–40, 50, 66–68, 83n28,

psychological strategy, 28; Alexander and,

85n41, 95–96, 105, 108–12, 114n5, 116n21,

119–20, 123, 129–30, 133; battle of Leuctra

138–47, 151–53, 157; pacification and, 6; per-

and, 103–4; counterinsurgency and, 167–68;

sonal power vs. power of state and, 174–75;

Cyrus and, 14–16

Popular Assembly and, 211; preemption

Ptolemy I, 126, 128

and, 5–6 (
see also
preemption); religion

Ptolemy II, 131

and, 131–32; republican system and, 207–8;

Ptolemy IV, 131

Roman Senate and, 175, 206–13, 223; satrap

Publius Rupilius, 197

system and, 41, 69, 119–21, 124–29, 133–34;

Punic Wars, 67–68, 109, 177, 189

self-promotion and, 18–19; slave wars and,

Pylos, 188

196; soft power and, 70, 88n53; Thucydides

Pyrrhus of Epiros, 151

and, 45–47; tribalism and, 7, 93, 156, 169,

Pythagoreans, 112, 117n28

178, 214–15; unilateralism and, 5–6; use of

Pythia, 60

force abroad and, 8; voting and, 32–33,

85n41, 87n47, 209, 211, 213, 220, 223; war

quality of life, 38–39

and, 209–11

Quintilius Varus, 165

Politics
(Aristotle), 74

Quintus, 219

Polybius, 3, 167

quisligs, 23

260 Index

Radagaisus, 239, 246n33

defense and, 4, 8–9, 227–42; genocide and,

rape, 148

167; governors and, 209; Herod Agrippa

Realpolitik
, 36

II and, 173, 176; Herod the Great and, 173,

Red Army, 202

175–76; imperial collapse and, 241–42; Jew-

religion, 46; Ahura Mazda and, 17–18; Alexan-

ish revolt of 66 CE and, 168; Julius Caesar

der and, 120, 124, 131–32; Athenians and,

and, 163–64, 206–24; Late Roman Republic

32–33, 85n41, 87n47, 209, 211, 213, 220, 223;

and, 185, 189–90, 198–201; magistrates

Christians and, 166, 191, 238; cosmic order

and, 209; mass deportation and, 167;

and, 17–19; cultural practices and, 131–32;

multiculturalism of, 7; mutilation and, 167;

desecrations and, 60–61; divine sanction

occupational tactics and, 171–72, 214–15;

and, 18–19; empire building and, 36; fire

perceived ability to punish and, 167–68;

concept and, 17; fourth philosophy and,

personal power vs. power of state and,

168; fusion, 131–32; Great Panathenaic

174–75; political networking of, 164; Popu-

Festival and, 41; Hellenization and, 130–31;

lar Assembly and, 211, 223; private armies

Marduk and, 12, 14; Oracle of Zeus-

and, 217–20; provincial governors and,

Ammon and, 120, 131; politics and, 131–32;

209; public labor force and, 163; republican

priests and, 15–17, 59, 168, 175; propaganda

system of, 207–8; reputation of Epami-

and, 17–19;
proskynesis
and, 129; revolts

nondas and, 93; resource issues and, 163;

and, 7–8; slavery and, 191–95; temple burn-

ruling hierarchy of, 163–64; Senate and,

ings and, 27–28, 44; Temple of Jerusalem

175, 206–13, 223; Severan era and, 227; size

and, 12, 15; Yahweh and, 15

of military, 163; slave wars and, 185–202;

republican system, 207–8

Spartacus and, 8, 185, 189–90, 198–201;

revolts, 82n22, 142; Alexander and, 119, 122–26,

status of citizenship in, 172–75; superiority

134; counterinsurgency and, 165–73, 182n31

of, 7; taxes and, 163–65, 176–77; Tetrarchic

(
see also
counterinsurgency); ethnic, 7–8;

emperors and, 229–30, 234; Third Punic

Greco-Persian Wars and, 12, 23–24; Greek

War and, 109; voter approval and, 209

empire building and, 33–35; Ionian, 23–28;

Roxane, 121, 123, 128–29

religious, 7–8; slave wars and, 8, 185–88,

RPGs, 155

200–202

Rubicon, 206, 208, 220

Rhine: counterinsurgency strategy and, 167;

Russia, 123

frontier defense and, 227–35, 238–39, 244n5;

Julius Caesar and, 207, 212, 227

Sacred Band, 119

Roman army: bandits and, 168–71; citizenship

Sacrovir, 166

and, 172; counterinsurgency and, 163–79;

Salamis, 27–28, 60

legionaries, 165, 172–73, 185, 218, 222; multi-

Sallust, 210

cultural composition of, 172–73, 183n33;

Salvius, 194, 201

occupational challenges of, 171–77, 182n31

Samarkand, 122

Rome, 3; absorption of Mediterranean by,

Sambre, 218

4; Augustus and, 163, 165, 170, 200, 207, 223–

Samos, 19, 33

24; banditry and, 168–71; Bar-Kokhba and,

Sardis, 16, 23

165–67, 169, 172; brutality of, 167, 213–14,

Sarmatians, 172, 231–32, 237

216, 222; centurions and, 219–20, 222,

Satibarzanes, 121, 124

226n20, 226n22; Christians and, 238; civil

satrap system: Alexander and, 124–29, 134;

war and, 206; colonies of, 163–64;
corona

autonomy and, 125–26; founding cities

civica
and, 209; counterinsurgency and,

and, 127–28; logic of, 125; Persia and, 41,

163–69;
cursus honorum
and, 209; dangers

69, 119–21, 124–29, 133–34; power structure

of public life in, 208; demographics of, 163;

of, 125; taxes and, 125–26

economy of, 163; empire building and, 2,

Saudi Arabia, 77

8, 118, 163–69, 174–79; fall of, 8–9; frontier

Saudi Wall, 77

Index 261

Saxons, 227, 229

increased cost of, 200; Julius Caesar and,

Schlieffen, 10

212, 218; manumission and, 185, 200–201;

Scione, 55

Marxism and, 189, 191; mass exploitation

Scyros, 33

of, 190; messianic idealism and, 6, 193,

Scythians, 131

204n15; modern concept of, 186; offers

Sea of Marmora, 32

of freedom to, 188–89, 192; Pericles and,

Second Athenian League, 72–73

49; pirates and, 190, 200; precautions of

Second Punic War, 189

masters and, 186; religion and, 191–95;

Second Sicilian Slave War, 189, 191–92, 194, 198

serfs and, 21, 93, 98, 105, 186–88; as shock

sectarianism, 156

troops, 177; skills of, 191; urban fight-

security zones, 76–77

ing and, 138–39, 152–53; utopia and, 192;

Segesta, 177

weapons for, 191

segregation, 131

slave wars: Bulla Felix and, 200; crucifixion

Selecuid rulers, 128, 194

and, 200; Damophilus and, 191–92; Diony-

Sellasia, 67

sus and, 195; divine direction and, 193–95;

Selouros, 200

Drimacus and, 193, 197, 201; economic

Senate: governor appointments and, 209;

issues and, 196; Eunus and, 194–95, 201;

Julius Caesar and, 206, 210–11, 213, 223;

Hollywood version of, 185; importance of,

Lepidus and, 210; Pompey and, 210;

189–90; location of, 190; maroons and, 197,

rivalries in, 208

200; Metallis and, 191–92; military experi-

Sequani, 211, 214

ence and, 196; modern, 202; offers of

serfs, 21, 93, 98, 105, 186–88

freedom and, 192; phalanx and, 185–86; pi-

Seriphos, 33

rates and, 198–99; pitched battles and, 196,

Sertorius, 166

199; repression of, 200–201; resettlement

Severn era, 227

and, 197; revenge and, 195, 201; Salvius

Sextus Pompey, 200

and, 194, 201; Second Punic War and, 189;

shields, 149–50

Selouros and, 200; Sicily and, 189–90, 192,

Shiva, 131

195–200; sieges and, 197; skills of, 196; soft

sicarii
(assassins), 168–70

targets and, 195; Spartacus and, 8, 185,

Sicilian Expedition, 97, 100, 111, 117n27

189–90, 198–201; tactics of, 196, 196–200;

Sicily, 175; empire building and, 53–54; Helleni-

timing of, 190; treatment of masters and,

zation and, 177; preemption and, 97, 100,

195; un worthy nature of, 196–97; weapons

110; slave wars and, 189–90, 192, 195–200;

and, 195–96

urban fighting and, 147–48; Verres and, 177

Slavs, 242

Silarus River, 199

sling bullets, 141, 148

Siwah, 120, 131–32

Socrates, 94

Six-Day War, 101–2

soft power, 70, 88n53

Skyros, 70, 72

Sogdiana, 121–26, 134

slavery: abolitionism and, 191; agriculture and,

Solon, 64

190; ancient documentation of, 185, 187;

Sophocles, 94

banditry and, 191; central role of, 185; chat-

Sosistratus, 189

tel, 186–89; communal servitude and, 186;

Soviet Union, 101

concentration of nationalities of, 190–91;

Spain, 166, 171–72, 198, 210, 221

cruel treatment of, 191–92; demographics

Spartacus, 2; al ies of, 198; Crassus and, 199;

of, 190; Dionysus and, 194–95; double stan-

death of, 199–200; imposing figure of, 194–

dard for, 36–37; Epaminondas’s freeing of

95; Julius Caesar and, 209; lessons from, 201;

helots and, 6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112, 114n9,

pirates and, 198–99; religion and, 194–95; as

115n11, 116n19, 188; fortification building

Roman auxiliary, 191; slave wars and, 8, 185,

and, 58; Greece and, 36–37; ideology and,

189–90, 198–201; strategies of, 198–200; tacti-

191–93; inadequate policing of, 190–91;

cal skil of, 196; weapons and, 195–96

262 Index

Spartans, 6, 20, 42; Agesilaus and, 90n64, 95–97,

27–28; counterinsurgency, 163–69; Cyrus

100, 105, 142; Argives and, 66; Athenians

and, 13–16; Darius and, 18–19; Delian

and, 21, 35, 48, 63, 67–69, 72–73; attempted

League and, 31–34, 43, 45; democracy and,

annihilation of, 104; Attica and, 68; battle

5–6, 21–23; diplomacy and, 215; divine

of Leuctra and, 97, 103, 109; battle of

sanction and, 18–19; empire building and,

Thermopylae and, 27–28; bipolar state

13–14 (
see also
empire building); Epami-

system and, 63, 69, 86n43; blockade of

nondas and, 93–112; espionage and, 17,

Piraeus and, 65, 67; Boeotia and, 94–99,

24, 28; famine and, 96; fortifications and,

103–12; Boeotian League and, 71; circuit

58–78; frontier defense and, 4, 8–9, 227–42;

wal s and, 152; Conon and, 70; Corinthians

genocide and, 167; geopolitics and, 23;

and, 53–54, 70–71; Delian League and, 32;

guerrilla, 121, 124, 169–70, 196; idealism

destruction of Long Wal s and, 67–68;

and, 6, 93, 134; implicit expression of, 10;