Machines of Loving Grace (56 page)

Robot Children
(Moravec), 118

robotics advancement, 227–275

    
autonomous robots, 250–251

    
Bradski and, 260–275,
261

    
computer vision, 46–54, 114, 120–122, 200–201, 234–235, 242,
261,
261–265

    
DARPA Robotics Challenge, 227–230, 234, 236–238, 244–254,
249

    
early personal computing and, 255–256

    
effect on labor force, 241–244, 269–270 (
see also
labor force)

    
Google and, 241–244, 248–255, 256, 260–261

    
Raibert and, 227–232, 235, 245, 247

    
Rubin and, 238–241,
240,
249–254

    
Salisbury and, 256–260, 267

    
scene understanding, 47–48, 155–156

    
self-aware machines and, 9–10, 15, 26, 72–76, 84–94, 119, 122–125, 220–221

    
touch, 257–260, 271

    
walking robots, 232

    
Whittaker and “field robotics,” 233–234

Robot
(Moravec), 122–124

“Role of Autonomy in DoD Systems, The” (Department of Defense), 334–335

“Role of Raw Power in Intelligence, The” (McCarthy), 118

Rosen, Charles,
5,
100–105, 143–148

Rosenblatt, Frank, 141–142, 143

Rubin, Andy, xiii–xiv, 99–100, 195–196, 238–241,
240,
249–254, 332

Rubinsteyn, Alex, 157

Rumelhart, David, 143

Rutter, Brad, 225, 226

Saffo, Paul, 10

Salisbury, Ken, 256–260, 267

Samsung, 83–84

Sand, Ben, 80

Sandperl, Ira, 3

Schaft, 245–246, 248, 250, 251–254

Schank, Roger, 131, 180–181

Schirra, Wally, 161, 163

Schmidt, Eric, 41

“Scientist Rebels, A” (Wiener), 70

Scoble, Robert, 319

Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding
(Schank, Abelson), 180–181

Sculley, John, 35, 280, 300, 305, 306, 307, 317

Searle, John, 179–182

Second Machine Age, The
(Brynjolfsson, McAfee), 82, 86–87

Sejnowski, Terry, 143, 144–148, 148–152,
151

self-aware machines

    
machine learning, 91

    
“robot rights,” 15

    
singularity concept, 9–10, 84–94, 119, 122–125, 220–221

    
weapons as, 26

    
Wiener on, 72–76

Selfridge, Oliver, 190

Sensable Devices, 258

Shakey project, 1–7,
5,
101–105

Shannon, Claude, 107, 174

Shashua, Amnon, 46–54

Shneiderman, Ben, 186, 187–194, 317

Shockley, William, 95–99, 100, 256

Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, 96, 98

SHRDLU, 132, 170–172, 174–178

Sidekick (Danger, Inc.), 240

Silicon Valley, inception of, 95–99, 100, 178, 256

Simon, Herbert, 108, 168, 215, 283

Simon (personal computer), 231

Singhal, Amit, 314

Singularity Institute, 17

Singularity Is Near, The
(Kurzweil), 119

Sinofsky, Steven, 217

Siri (Apple), 277–323

    
Apple history and, 279–281

    
Apple’s acquisition of Siri, 281–282, 320–323

    
Cheyer’s early career and, 297–305

    
Gruber’s early career and, 277–279,
278,
282–297

    
IA
versus
AI issues, 12–13, 31, 190, 193–194, 282

    
Knowledge Navigator and, 188, 300, 304, 305–310, 317, 318

    
released as iPhone App, 319–320

    
Siri (company) founded, 310–320

Siu, Henry, 326

Sketchpad, 230–231, 306, 308

SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping), 20–21, 37

Sloan Foundation, 180

smartphones, advent of, 239, 312

Snowden, Edward, 29

Software Psychology
(Shneiderman), 188

Sol-20, 210–211

Sony, 23, 245, 246

Southworth, Lucy, 242

speech recognition.
see
language and speech recognition; Siri (Apple)

Sproull, Bob, 231

SRI International

    
CALO, 31, 297, 302–304, 310, 311

    
inception of, 3–4, 99–105

    
Intuitive Surgical and, 271

    
naming of, 2, 180

    
Prospector, 128

    
SRI name of, 180

Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL)

    
Brooks and, 98–99, 196–201

    
McCarthy and, 7–8, 111–115

    
Salisbury and, 256

    
Stanford Cart, 120–122, 200–201

Stanford Artificial Intelligence Robot (STAIR), 259–260, 265

Stanford Industrial Park, 254–255

Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory, 293

Stanford Research Institute.
see
SRI International

Stanford University

    
Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, 133–134

    
Microsoft and, 189

    
Mycin, 127

    
Program on Liberation Technology, 16, 342

    
Stanford University Network, 134

    
Stanley project, 19–23, 35–36,
36

Starfish Prime, 126

Stochastic Neural Analog Reinforcement Calculator, 142

Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”), 134, 182, 183, 203

Strong artificial intelligence, 12, 26, 272

Suarez, Daniel, 45

Suitable Technologies, 243

Sun Microsystems, 134

Sutherland, Ivan, 230–232, 255, 306, 308

Symbolics, 128

Synergy, 134

Syntelligence, 128–130

Taylor, Robert, 31, 159–165

Teknowledge, 128, 134–140

Templeton, Brad, 333

Tenenbaum, Jay “Marty,” 289, 290

Terman, Frederick, 255

Tesla, 46

Tesler, Larry, 8, 138

Tether, Tony, 21–22, 28–32, 234, 236, 297, 302

Thinking Machines Corporation, 119

“Third Industrial Revolution” (IR3), 88, 89

Thrun, Sebastian

    
Bradski and, 260, 263–265

    
goals of, xiii

    
at Google, 35–40, 55–56, 152–153

    
Shashua and, 49–50

    
Stanley project and autonomous vehicles, 19–23, 35–36,
36,
59

time-sharing concept, 111–112, 197–198

Tools for Conviviality
(Illich), 213–215

Total Information Awareness, 29

Toyoda, Akio, 90

Toyota, 60, 90

traffic jam assist, 45–46, 52, 57, 164

Trower, Tandy, 190, 327–332

Tufekci, Zeynep, 328–329

Turing, Alan, 13–14, 106

Turkle, Sherry, 173, 221–222

ubiquitous computing (UbiComp), xv, 193, 274, 281

Understanding Computers and Cognition
(Flores, Winograd), 182, 188

United Auto Workers (UAW), 68–73

University of Massachusetts, 283–287

University of Pittsburgh, 127–128

University of Utah, 47

URBAN5, 308

Urmson, Chris, 56

U.S.
Department of Defense.
see
DARPA

Valid Logic Systems, 133–134

Vardi, Moshe, 9, 86

Varian Associates, 125–127

Veblen, Thorstein, 343

vehicle detection, 49

Velodyne, 42, 51

VeriFone, 291

Verizon, 320

VerticalNet, 302

Vicarious, 154–155

Vignette, 295

Vinge, Vernor, 9–10, 85

Visser, Binne, 65

Vlingo, 319

Volvo, 45

von Neumann, John, 75, 106

Walter, W.
Grey, 200–201

Watson, Thomas J., Jr., 109

Watson (IBM program), 225–226

Weiser, Mark, 193, 274, 281

Weizenbaum, Joseph, 14, 113, 172–174

West Coast Computer Faire (1979), 212

Whittaker, William L.
“Red,” 32–35, 37, 43, 56, 202, 233–234, 264

Who Owns the Future?
(Lanier), 82–83

Widdoes, Curt, 133–134

Wiener, Norbert

    
control theory and, 161–162, 216

    
Cybernetics,
8, 97

    
God & Golem, Inc.,
75, 211–212

    
The Human Use of Human Beings,
8, 70, 98

    
on labor force and automation, xix, 10, 68–76, 89

Wier, Craig, 292

Wiesner, Jerome, 110

Williamson, Matt, 237

Willow Garage, 241–244, 259–260, 267–270

Winblad, Ann, 139–140

Winograd, Terry

    
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 183–184

    
early career, 170–172,
171,
174–179

    
IA views of, 15–16, 170–178,
171,
182–188

    
Program on Liberation Technology, 16, 342

    
SHRDLU, 132, 170–172, 174–178

Wozniak, Steve, 112, 214

Wyrobek, Keenan, 258

Xerox

    
Alto, 189, 198, 255

    
Dynabook, 115, 198, 306

    
graphical interface of, 189, 194

    
Internet of Things and, 193

    
Jobs and, 281

    
Kay and, 115

    
Palo Alto Research Center inception and influence, 7, 38, 138–139, 255–256

    
Winograd and, 178–179

Yahoo!, 259

Yale University, 180–181

Yaskawa (robot), 243

Zakos, John, 222, 223

Zuckerberg, Mark, 157