Machines of Loving Grace (55 page)

    
Hearsay-II, 282–283

    
natural language work by Kaplan, 135

    
semantic autocomplete, 284

    
semantic understanding, 156

    
Shakey and, 2

    
SHRDLU, 132, 170–172, 174–178

    
Siri’s development and, 12–13, 15, 280 (
see also
Siri [Apple])

    
software agents, 193

Lanier, Jaron, 82–83

Leach, Edmund, 90

LeCun, Yann, 148–152,
151,
156–158

Lederberg, Joshua, 113

Legg, Shane, 337–338

Leonard, John, 55

Lerner, Sandy, 134

Levandowski, Anthony, 45

Levy, Frank, 10

Lexus, 57

Licklider, J.
C.
R., 11, 24, 31, 111–112, 163–164

lidar, 19–20, 39–40, 42, 51

Lighthill, Sir Michael James, 130, 144

Lights in the Tunnel, The
(Ford), 79

lights-out factories, 65–68,
66,
90, 104, 206

LinkedIn, 295–296

Lisp Machines, Inc., 128

Lisp (programming language), 111, 128, 285

Loebner, Hugh, 14

Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM), 26–27

Lotus Development Corporation, 140, 292

LS3 (robot), 253

MacMillan, R.
H., 209–210

Maes, Pattie, 191–194

Magic Leap, 272–275

magnetometers, 125–127

Maker Movement, 213–214

Mako Surgical, 271–272

“Man-Computer Symbiosis” (Licklider), 24, 163

Marcuse, Herbert, 173–174

Markel, Lester, 71

Markoff, John, xi

Markram, Henry, 144, 155

Marr, David, 46, 145

Massie, Thomas, 258

McAfee, Andrew, 79, 82–83, 86–87

McCarthy, John

    
AI terminology coined by, xii, 108–109

    
on autonomous manipulation, 257

    
early career of, 105–111

    
early personal computing and, 197–198

    
IA
versus
AI debate and, 15, 130, 165–167

    
Moravec and, 117–118

    
SAIL inception and, 7–8, 111–115 (
see also
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory [SAIL])

McKinsey, 80–81, 84

McLuhan, Marshall, 187, 199

Mead, Carver, 231

Media Equation, The
(Nass, Reeves), 189

medical applications, 127–128, 271–272, 285

Memex, 6, 62

Menlo Ventures, 315

Men of Mathematics
(Bell), 105

Mercedes, 45, 57, 119

microcosm, 9

MicroPlanner, 175

Microsoft

    
agent-based interfaces and, 187–191, 215–220

    
early smartphones and, 239

    
HoloLens, 273

    
IA
versus
AI debate and, 170, 187–191

    
Intel and, 262

    
neural nets, 152

    
Robotics Developer Studio, 329–330

    
Windows, 187

microsofts, 24

Mind Children
(Moravec), 118, 125, 257

Minsky, Marvin

    
AI Winter and, 131

    
early AI and, 4, 6, 104–109

    
Engelbart and, 17

    
on machine vision, 114, 234–235

    
MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and, 109–111

    
neural networks and, 142

    
Perceptron,
146

    
Salisbury and, 257–258

    
Selfridge and, 190

    
Winograd and, 171, 172

MIT

    
Architecture Machine Group, 306–307, 308–309

    
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 109–111

    
“Automation” (panel discussion), 98

    
Autor and, 10, 78

    
Baxter (robot), 195–196, 204–205,
205,
207

    
Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 79, 82–83

    
Leg Lab, 232, 235

    
Leonard and, 55

    
Media Lab, 191–192, 306–310

    
Minsky and, 4, 104, 109–111

    
Model Railway Club, 110

    
Raibert and, 230

    
Shashua and, 46–47

    
Wiener and, 69, 71–72

    
Winograd and, 16, 170–172,
171,
174–178

Mobileye, 46–54

Model S (Tesla), 46

Montemerlo, Mike, 20, 22, 32, 35–36,
36

Moore, Gordon, 95, 307–308

Moore’s law, xvii, 9, 88, 117–119

Mooter, 222

Moravec, Hans, 112, 114, 115–125, 120–122, 199, 200–201, 257

Morgenthaler, Gary, 315

Morozov, Evgeny, 213–214

Motwani, Rajeev, 185

mouse, invention of, 6, 255

Murnane, Richard J., 10

Mycin, 127

My Cybertwin (Cognea), 221–225, 237

My Perfect Girlfriend (My Cybertwin), 221–224

NASA

    
Ames Research Center, 8–9, 168

    
bottom-up ideology, 202–204

    
early Mars robot, 233–234

    
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 202, 230

    
moon exploration by, 113–114

    
Sojourner, 203

    
Stanford Cart project and, 120

    
Taylor and, 159–165

    
Valkyrie, 251

Nash, John Forbes, 107

Nass, Clifford, 189

National Australia Bank, 223

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 80, 87, 325

National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, 74

National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, 45

National Institutes of Health, 336

Navlab (Carnegie Mellon), 33

NCR, 150

NCSA Mosaic, 301, 312

Negroponte, Nicholas, 191, 306–310, 340

Nelson, Ted, 288, 308

Nettalk, 147–148

Neural Computation and Adaptive Perception, 150–151

Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 157

neural networks

    
convolutional neural networks, 150

    
deep learning neural networks, 150–156

    
Google’s work on, 152–154

    
Hinton and Sejnowski on, 143–148,
151

    
LeCun on, 148–152,
151

    
Minsky and, 142

    
Rosenblatt and, 141–142, 143

    
Shakey project, 101–105

Neuromancer
(Gibson), 23–24

Newell, Allen, 108

Newell, Martin, 47

NeXT, 305

Ng, Andrew, 153, 259–260, 265, 267

1984
(Orwell), xvi

Nissan, 50

NLS (oN-Line System), 5–7, 172, 197

Norman, Donald, 143, 170, 186

Norvig, Peter, 55–56, 63, 92

“nouvelle AI,” 201–204

Nuance, 223, 300, 321

nuclear power plants, robots used for rescue, 233–235, 237–238

Numenta, 154

Obama, Barack, 24, 81, 167–168, 236

Odyssey
(Sculley), 306

On Intelligence
(Hawkins), 85, 154

ontologies, 288

Open Agent Architecture (OAA), 299

Open Source Computer Vision (OpenCV),
261,
261–265

O’Reilly, Tim, 83–84

Orwell, George, xvi

Osborne 1, 211

Out of Control
(Kelly), 17

Ozzie, Ray, 299

Page, Larry

    
on agent-based interfaces, 13

    
founding of Google, 16, 184–187

    
Google’s image and, 41

    
PageRank algorithm, 62, 92, 259

    
robotic advancement and, 241–244

    
Thrun and, 35, 37, 38

Pandemonium, 190

Papert, Seymour, 143, 144, 146, 148, 177–178, 191

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP), 145

Pask, Gordon, 308–310

pattern recognition, 9

Pearl, Judea, 216

Peninsula School, 3

Perceptive Assistant that Learns (PAL), 31

perceptrons, defined, 142

Perceptrons
(Minsky, Papert), 143, 146

personal computing

    
advent of, xv, 196–201, 210–211, 255–256

    
“post-PC era,” 239

Personal Information Manager (Lotus), 140

Phenomenology of Self, The
(Hegel), 340

Philips, 65–68,
66

Planetary Society, 168

play-based interaction, 212

Poggio, Tommy, 47, 50

Poindexter, John, 29

Pratt, Gill, 232, 235–238, 335

probabilistic decision tree, 4

Program on Liberation Technology (Stanford), 342

Prospector (SRI), 128

PR1/2 (Personal Robot One/Two), 258–260, 267–268

Q&A, 135

“Race Against the Machine” (Brynjolfsson, McAfee), 79

Raibert, Marc, 227–232, 235, 238, 245, 247

RAND Corporation, 74, 177

Raphael, Bert, 103

Rashid, Richard, 152

Real Travel, 295–297

Reddy, Raj, 112–113, 282

Redzone Robotics, 233

Reeves, Byron, 189

Replicant (Rubin’s robot), 256

replicants
(Blade Runner),
338–339

Rethink Robotics, 99, 204–208

Reuther, Walter, 68–73, 74

Rice University, 9, 86

Rifkin, Jeremy, 76–77

Robby (robot), 331