Jefferson and Hamilton (84 page)

31
. Edmond Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley,
John Beckley: Zealous Partisan in a Nation Divided
(Philadelphia, 1973), 146; Theodore Sedgwick to Rufus King, March 12, 1797,
Sedgwick Letterbook, Massachusetts Historical Society; Cunningham,
Jeffersonian Republicans
, 97–103; David Sisson,
The American Revolution of 1800
(New York, 1974), 243–46; Robert M. S. McDonald, “Was There a Religious Revolution of 1800?” in James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf, eds.,
The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic
(Charlottesville, Va., 2002), 175–80; “Documents Relating to the 1796 Campaign for Electors in Virginia,”
PTJ
29:193–99. The quotation on TJ as weak and wavering can be found in Bernstein,
TJ
, 115. The quotation on the government abandoning TJ is the editor’s wording and can be found in
PTJ
29:194.

32
. AH to [?], November 8, 1796,
PAH
20:376.

33
. AH’s twenty-five “Phocion” essays appeared in the
Gazette of the United States
between October 14 and November 24. The quotations in this paragraph can be found in the essays appearing on October 14, 19, 25, November 1, 4, 10, and 19, 1796. These essays do not appear in
PAH
, but his biographer, Ron Chernow, convincingly demonstrates AH’s authorship. See Chernow,
AH
, 511–12.

34
. [AH], “Phocion,”
Gazette of the United States
, October 14, 15, 1796.

35
. Quoted in James Roger Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis
(New Haven, Conn., 1993), 149.

36
. AH to [?], November 8, 1796,
PAH
20:376–77.

37
. JM to TJ, December 5, 1796,
PTJ
29:214; TJ to William Cocke, October 21, 1796, ibid., 29:199; TJ to JM, December 17, 1796, ibid., 29:223; TJ to JA, December 28, 1796, ibid., 29:235.

38
. The quotations can be found in Isenberg,
Fallen Founder
, 148, 152, and 154.

39
. AH to King, December 16, 1796,
PAH
20:445.

40
. TJ to Volney, January 8, 1797,
PTJ
29:258; TJ to James Sullivan, February 9, 1797, ibid., 29:289.

CHAPTER 13: “THE MAN IS STARK MAD”: PARTISAN FRENZY

Malone,
TJ
, 3:295–458; Peterson,
TJ
, 543–625; Cunningham,
TJ
, 206–20; Chernow,
AH
, 517–602; Miller,
AH
, 451–508; Cooke,
AH
, 184–208.

1
. TJ to JM, January 22, 1797,
PTJ
29:270.

2
. TJ to JA, December 28, 1796,
PTJ
29:235; TJ to JM, January 1, 1797, ibid., 29:247–48; JM to TJ, January 15, 1797, ibid., 29:263–64.

3
. TJ to Elbridge Gerry, May 13, 1797,
PTJ
29:362.

4
. TJ, Anas, March 2, 1797, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1271. On JM’s fear of the sea, see JM to TJ, April 27, 1785,
PTJ
8:115. JM mysteriously said that a long voyage would “be unfriendly to a singular disease of my constitution.”

5
. TJ to King, February 15, 1797,
PAH
20: 515–16.

6
. Timothy Pickering to AH, March 26, 1797,
PAH
20:549; Oliver Wolcott to AH, March 31, 1797, ibid., 20:573; McHenry to AH, April 14, 1797, ibid., 21:48.

7
. AH to Pickering, March 26, 29, 1797,
PAH
20:549, 557.

8
. AH to Smith, April 10, 1797,
PAH
21:29–41. See also AH’s much shorter version in his letter of March 30 to Wolcott. It can be found in ibid., 20:567. His “receive the law” remark is in that missive.

9
. TJ to Gerry, May 13, 1797,
PTJ
29:363–64.

10
. Quoted in Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick,
The Age of Federalism
(New York, 1993), 566.

11
. AH to Pickering, May 11, 1797,
PAH
21:82; John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1992), 345.

12
. TJ to Benjamin Rush, January 22, 1797,
PTJ
29:275.

13
. TJ to Henry Knox, April 8, 1800,
PTJ
31:488; TJ to William Hamilton, April 22, 1800, ibid., 31:534.

14
. TJ to Edward Rutledge, June 24, 1797,
PTJ
29:456; TJ to William Hamilton, April 22, 1800, ibid., 31:534; TJ to Angelica Church, January 11, 1798, ibid., 30:23.

15
. TJ to Philip Mazzei, April 24, 1796,
PTJ
29:82.

16
. See the lengthy editor’s note on the “Mazzei Letter” in
PTJ
29:73–81. The “treasonable” quote is in editor’s note, ibid., 29:76.

17
. TJ to GW, June 19, 1796,
PTJ
29:127–28.

18
. TJ to Walter Jones, January 2, 1814, in Padover,
CTJ
, 924–25.

19
. AH to John Fenno, [July 17–22, 1797],
PAH
21:167.

20
. Wolcott to AH, July 3, 1797,
PAH
21:144–45; AH to Jeremiah Wadsworth, July 28, 1797, ibid., 21:187.

21
. AH,
Observations on Certain Documents Contained … In Which the Charge of Speculation Against Alexander Hamilton … is Fully Refuted, Written by Himself
(Philadelphia, 1797), in
PAH
21:238–85. The quotations can be found on pages 243 and 252.

22
. John Barnes to TJ, October 3, 1797,
PTJ
29:542.

23
. Callender to TJ, September 28, 1797,
PTJ
29:536–37; TJ to John Taylor, October 8, 1797, ibid., 29:546. The “creep under Mrs. R’s petticoats” quote is in Nancy Isenberg,
Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr
(New York, 2007), 167.

24
. Quoted in Chernow,
AH
, 533.

25
. Henry Lee to AH, May 6, 1793,
PAH
14:416.

26
. Venable to AH, July 9, 10, 1797,
PAH
21:153–54, 159. Wolcott to AH, July 3, 1797, ibid., 21:145. Venable’s quotation is in ibid., 21:159.

27
. Harry Ammon,
James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity
(New York, 1971), 81–156. The “monarchy party” quote is on page 103.

28
. David Gelsen’s Account of an Interview between Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe, July 11, 1797,
PAH
21:159–62.

29
. James Monroe and Muhlenberg to AH, July 17, 1797,
PAH
21:168–70. Venable was out of town and played no part in the response to AH.

30
. AH to Monroe and Muhlenberg, July 17, 1797,
PAH
21:170–72; AH to Monroe, July 17, 18, 20, 22, 28, August 4, 9, January [?], 1798, ibid., 21:172–73, 174–75, 176–77, 180–81, 186, 200, 208, 346; Isenberg,
Fallen Founder
, 164–66.

31
. JA to his cabinet, January 24, 1798,
PAH
21:339–40; McHenry to AH, January 26, 1798, ibid., 21:339; AH to McHenry, [January 27–February 11], 1798, ibid., 21:341–46.

32
. AH to Pickering, March 17, 1798,
PAH
21:364–66.

33
. JA, Message,
Adams Papers
, 1639–1889, microfilm edition, 608 reels (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954–1959), reel 387; JA to McHenry, October 22, 1798, ibid., reel 391; JA, “Message to Congress,” March 19, 1798, in James D. Richardson, ed.,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents
(New York, 1897–1917), 1:264–65.

34
. TJ to JM, March 21, April 5, 1798,
PTJ
30:189–90, 191–92, 244–45. TJ penned two letters to JM on March 21. The quotations can be found on pages 189, 191, and 245.

35
. TJ to JM, April 6, 1798,
PTJ
30:250–51. On TJ’s fears for the survival of Republicanism, see Gordon S. Wood,
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815
(New York,
2009), 241. On TJ’s belief that John Marshall fabricated some of his reports on the French government’s behavior, see TJ to Edmund Pendleton, January 29, April 22, 1799,
PTJ
30:661; 31:97.

36
. Quoted in Alexander DeConde,
The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801
(New York, 1966), 328.

37
. John C. Miller,
Crisis in Freedom: The Alien and Sedition Acts
(Boston, 1951), 22.

38
. AH, “The Stand,” nos. 1–7 [March 30–April 21, 1798],
PAH
21:381–87, 390–96, 402–8, 412–18, 418–32, 434–440, 441–47. The quotations are on pages 383–84 and 446. The “satellites of France” quotation is from a separate essay by AH titled “A French Faction.” It, too, appeared in April 1798 and is in ibid., 21:452–53. That quote can be found on page 452.

39
. John Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
(New York, 2003), 424–25. The Abigail Adams quote is on page 425.

40
. Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 245–46, 263–64. On the army from 1789 through the creation of the New Army, a succinct overview is available in
PAH
22:384–85n, though the best account of its creation, and the Federalists’ motives in bringing it into being, can be found in Richard H. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802
(New York, 1975), 224–29. See also TJ to JM, February 5, 1799,
PTJ
31:9. The term “frontier constabulary” is that of Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 244.

41
. James Roger Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis
(New Haven, Conn., 1993), 176.

42
. Quoted in John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era, 1789–1801
(New York, 1960), 228.

43
. Chernow,
AH
, 570.

44
. The quotations can be found in Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 249, 250.

45
. TJ to JM, April 26, 1798,
PTJ
30:300; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., May 9, 1798, ibid., 30:341.

46
. Quoted in James Morton Smith,
Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1956), 120. The texts of the four laws can be found in ibid., 435–42.

47
. TJ to John Taylor, November 26, 1798,
PTJ
30:589.

48
. AH to Pickering, June 7, 1798,
PAH
21:495; AH to GW, May 19, 1798, ibid., 21:467; AH to Wolcott, June 29, 1798, ibid., 21:522; TJ to JM, June 7, 1798,
PTJ
30:393.

49
. JA to GW, June 22, 1798,
PGW: Ret. Ser
. 2:351–52; GW to JA, July 4, 1798, ibid., 2:368–71.

50
. GW to JA, July 13, 1798,
PGW: Ret. Ser
. 2:402–4; GW, Suggestions for Military Appointments, July 14, 1798, ibid., 2:414–15.

51
. JA to McHenry, August 29, September 30, 1798,
PAH
22:8n, 16; GW to JA, September 25, 1798,
PGW: Ret. Ser
. 3:36–43.

52
. GW to AH, August 21, October 8, 1797,
PAH
21:214–15, 298–99.

53
. AH to GW, May 19, June 2, 1798,
PAH
21:466–68, 479–80; GW to AH, May 27, 1798, ibid., 21:470–74.

54
. AH to McHenry, February 6, 1799,
PAH
22:467.

55
. TJ to John Taylor, June 4, 1798,
PTJ
30:388, 389; TJ to William Strickland, March 23, 1798, ibid., 30:212–13.

56
. Manning J. Dauer,
The Adams Federalists
(Baltimore, 1953), 233.

57
. For an example of TJ’s intelligence system, see Notes on Conversations with Abraham Baldwin, John Brown, and John Hunter, [March 11, 1798],
PTJ
30:172–73.

58
. TJ to Samuel Smith, August 22, 1798,
PTJ
30:484–85; TJ to Stevens Thomson Mason, October 11, 1798, ibid., 30:560; TJ to Taylor, November 26, 1798, ibid., 30:589; TJ to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, June 18, 1798, ibid., 30:416.

59
. Quoted in Saul Cornell,
The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788–1828
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), 229.

60
. TJ to John Wise, February 12, 1798,
PTJ
30:98.

61
. TJ to JM, February 5, 1799,
PTJ
31:9; Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 225.

62
. John Taylor to TJ, May 13, 1798,
PTJ
30:348.

63
. Quoted in Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 225.

64
. Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic
, 203–5.

65
. TJ to JM, November 17, 1798, January 30, 1799,
PTJ
30: 580, 666; TJ to Gerry, January 26, 1799, ibid., 30:646.

66
. TJ to Hugh Williamson, February 11, 1798,
PTJ
30:94; TJ to Kosciuszko, February 21, 1799, ibid., 31:52; TJ to Page, January 24, 1799, ibid., 30:641; TJ to Taylor, November 26, 1798, ibid., 30:589. When John Taylor of Caroline County, Virginia, advocated secession rather than remain in a Union in which the South was subordinate to an anti-republican northern majority, TJ urged “a little patience” as “the body of our countrymen is substantially republican through every part of the union.” See Taylor to TJ, May 15, 1798, ibid., 30:348; TJ to Taylor, June 4, 1798, ibid., 30:388–89.

67
. TJ’s Fair Copy of the Kentucky Resolution, [before October 4, 1798],
PTJ
30:543–49; Resolutions Adopted by the Kentucky General Assembly, November 10, 1798, ibid., 30:551–55; JM to TJ, December 29, 1798, December 29, 1799, ibid., 30:606; 31:278; editor’s notes, ibid., 30:529–35; 31:279–80n; Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic
, 188–200.