Jefferson and Hamilton (81 page)

37
. AH, Final Version of the Second Report on the Further Provision Necessary for Establishing Public Credit (Report on a National Bank), December 13, 1790,
PAH
7:305–42; AH, Draft of an Act to Incorporate the Bank of the United States [December 1790], ibid., 7:399–406; McCraw,
The Founders and Finance
, 115.

38
.
Journal of William Maclay
, 345;
PAH
7:244–46n; AH, Second Report on the Further Provision Necessary for Establishing a Public Credit (Report on a National Bank), December 14, 1790, ibid., 7:311.

39
. AH, Report on a National Bank,
PAH
7:305–42. The quotes are on page 306.

40
. Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 93–94; Gordon S. Wood, “Illusions of Power in the Awkward Era of Federalism,” in Gordon S. Wood,
The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States
(New York, 2011), 257–59; Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 35–54. Thomas Paine,
Common Sense
(1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(New York, 1945), 1:20–21; Franklin to Joseph Galloway, February 25, 1775, in Leonard W. Labaree et al., eds.,
The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
(New Haven, Conn., 1959–), 21:509. On the changes wrought in England, including the levels of taxation, see John Brewer,
The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783
(New York, 1989), 29, 89, 118, 175, 193–96, 199, 200, 203.

41
. Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 102–4; Gordon S. Wood, “The Radicalism of Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine Considered,” in Wood,
The Idea of America
, 217–19, 222–23; Wood,
Revolutionary Characters
, 129–30.

42
. David Hume,
Essays Moral, Political and Literary
(1742), edited and with a forward, notes, and glossary by Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1987), 206, 255, 261, 263, 271–73. This paragraph additionally draws on Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 92–131.

43
. Hume,
Essays Moral, Political, and Literary
, 261, 419–20. For an excellent assessment of AH’s thinking on humankind, society, and government, see Clinton Rossiter,
Alexander Hamilton and the Constitution
(New York, 1964), 113–84.

44
. [AH], “The Continentalist,” no. 6, July 4, 1782,
PAH
3:106; [AH],
A Full Vindication of the Measures of the Congress, &c
., December 15, 1774, ibid., 1:56. See the longer essay in Gerald Stourzh,
Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government
(Stanford, Cal., 1970), 189–205.

45
. Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 229;
Journal of William Maclay
, 242, 243, 249, 341, 345–62; Banning,
Jeffersonian Persuasion
, 148–54. The quotations can be found in Maclay’s
Journal
on pages 341, 353, and 358; and in Banning,
Jeffersonian Persuasion
on page 148.

46
. Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 145; Virginia Resolution on the Assumption of State Debts, December 16, 1790, in Henry Steele Commager, ed.,
Documents of American History
(New York, 1968), 155–56.

47
. The quotation is from Joseph J. Ellis,
American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1997), 131.

48
. Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 46, 48.

49
. TJ, Notes on the Letter of Christoph Daniel Ebeling, [after October 15, 1795],
PTJ
28:507. The “natural progress of things” quotation is from David N. Mayer,
The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson
(Charlottesville, Va., 1994), 84.

50
. Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark
, 337; TJ, Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bill for Establishing a National Bank, February 15, 1791,
PTJ
19:275–80. The quote about empowering Congress to do evil is on page 277.

51
. AH, Draft of an Opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank, [n.d.],
PAH
8:64–97; AH, Final Version of an Opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank, February 23, 1791, ibid., 8:97–134. The quotation can be found on page 98.

52
. The quotation can be found in McDonald,
AH
, 209.

53
. TJ to George Mason, February 4, 1791,
PTJ
19:242; TJ to Edward Rutledge, August 25, 1791, ibid., 22:74; TJ to Robert R. Livingston, February 7, 1791, ibid., 19:241; TJ to Henry Innes, March 13, 1791, ibid., 19:542–43; Livingston to TJ, February 20, 1791, ibid., 19:296; TJ, Anas, February 4, 1818, and July 10, 1792, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1211, 1224–25.

54
. TJ to Philip Freneau, February 28, 1791,
PTJ
19:351; TJ to JM, May 9, July 21, 1791, ibid., 20:293, 657; Noble E. Cunningham,
The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1957), 17. See the lengthy editorial note on “Jefferson, Freneau, and the Founding of the
National Gazette
” in
PTJ
20:718–53.

55
. For the slow formation of parties, see Cunningham,
Jeffersonian Republicans
, 33–49, 63–64, 71–77.

56
. Nancy Isenberg,
Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr
(New York, 2007), 105–7. For TJ’s ongoing efforts to mount an opposition to the Hamiltonians, see the introductory essay Todd Estes, “Jefferson as Party Leader,” in Francis D. Cogliano, ed.,
A Companion to Thomas Jefferson
(Chichester, England, 2011), 128–44.

57
. Jefferson’s Journal of the Tour, May 21–June 10, 1791,
PTJ
20:453–56; Jefferson’s Notes on the Hessian Fly, May 24–June 18, 1791, ibid., 20:456–62; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, May 31, 1791, ibid., 20:463–64; TJ to GW, June 5, 1791, ibid., 20:466–67; Jefferson’s Table of Distances and Rating of Inns, May 17–June 19, 1791, ibid., 20:471–73;
JMB
2:818–23.

58
. Nathaniel Hazard to AH, November 25, 1791,
PAH
9:534; Robert Troup to AH, June 15, 1791, ibid., 8:478–79.

59
. TJ to Walter Jones, March 5, 1810,
PTJ: Ret. Ser
. 2:272.

CHAPTER 10: “DEVOTED TO THE PAPER AND STOCKJOBBING INTEREST”: UNBRIDLED PARTISAN WARFARE

Chernow,
AH
, 360–430; McDonald,
AH
, 211–61; Miller,
AH
, 296–342; Cooke,
AH
, 97–120; Malone,
TJ
2:420–88; Peterson,
TJ
, 459–79; Cunningham,
TJ
, 167–77.

1
. GW, To the United States Senate and House of Representatives, January 8, 1790,
PGWP
4:544, 545;
PAH
10:230n.

2
. AH, Final Version of the Report on the Subject of Manufacturers, December 5, 1791,
PAH
10:230–340. The quotations can be found on pages 253, 291, 302, and 313. See also, the four drafts of this report prepared by AH in ibid., 10:23–339, and the draft composed by Tench Coxe, the assistant secretary of the Treasury, in ibid., 10:15–23.

3
. Quoted in Cooke,
AH
, 102.

4
. Prospectus of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, [August 1791],
PAH
9:144–53. No copy of the prospectus exists in AH’s handwriting, but the editors of his papers attribute it to him.

5
. JM to Henry Lee, January 1, 1792,
PJM 14:180
; TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792,
PTJ
23:186–87.

6
. TJ, Anas, March 11, 12, September 30, November 19, 1792, June 7, 12, 1793, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1220, 1221, 1226, 1227, 1231, 1244, 1245, 1246. The quotations are on pages 1244 and 1246.

7
. TJ, Anas, February 4, 1818, and October 1, 1792, in Padover,
CTJ
1211, 1228; TJ to Benjamin Rush, January 16, 1811,
PTJ: Ret. Ser
. 3:305.

8
. The preceding paragraphs are based on TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792,
PTJ
23:184–87; TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, July 10, 1792, ibid., 24:210–11; TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, October 1, 1792, ibid., 24:433–36; TJ, Anas, February 7, 1793, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1234–35. The
quotations can be found in
PTJ
23:186–87; 24:211, 434, and 435; and Padover,
CTJ
, 1234 and 1235.

9
. TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792,
PTJ
23:187. The “ultimate object” quotation can be found in TJ to GW, May 23, 1792, ibid., 23:537. For Banning’s quote, see Lance Banning,
The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1978), 159.

10
. AH to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792,
PAH
11:429.

11
. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, October 1, 1792,
PTJ
24:434; Abigail Adams to Mary Cranch, March 29, 1792, in Stewart Mitchell, ed.,
New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801
(Boston, 1947), 80–81; AH to Carrington, May 26, 1792,
PAH
11:430.

12
. AH, Conversation with George Beckwith, [October 1789],
PAH
5:488.

13
. AH to Carrington, May 26, 1792,
PAH
11:426–45.

14
. AH in the
Gazette of the United States
, July 25, August 4, 11, 18, 1792, and in the
National Gazette
, September 11, 1792,
PAH
12:107, 157–64, 188–93, 193–94, 224, 361–65. The quotations can be found on pages 159, 161, 162, 163, and 362.

15
. Conor Cruise O’Brien,
The Long Fuse: Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution, 1785–1800
(Chicago, 1996), 119; Joyce Appleby,
Capitalism and the New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s
(New York, 1984), 73–74; Gordon S. Wood,
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815
(New York, 2009), 148–51. TJ later told GW that he could pledge “in the presence of heaven, that I never did by myself, or any other, directly or indirectly, say a syllable” in Freneau’s newspaper, “nor attempt any kind of influence” over the editor. See TJ to GW, September 9, 1792,
PTJ
24:356.

16
. For JM’s series of
National Gazette
essays, see
PJM
, vol. 14. The quotes can be found in
PJM
14:370–72.

17
. AH to GW, May 23, 1792,
PTJ
23:535–40.

18
. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, July 10, 1792,
PTJ
24:210–11; ibid., 23:540–412n.

19
. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with Edmund Randolph, [after 1795],
PTJ
28:568.

20
. Robert Troup to AH, March 19, 1792,
PAH
11:157.

21
. GW to AH, July 29, 1792,
PAH
12:129–34; GW to Henry, March 28, 1778,
PGWR
14:336.

22
. AH to GW, August 18, 1792,
PAH
12:228–58. The quotations can be found on pages 250, 251, and 252.

23
. GW to TJ, August 23, 1792,
PTJ
24:317; GW to AH, August 26, 1792,
PAH
12:276–77. GW’s remarks about regarding the attacks on AH as attacks on himself can be found in TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, July 10, 1792,
PTJ
24:210.

24
. AH to TJ, September 9, 1792,
PAH
12:347–50; TJ to GW, September 9, 1792,
PTJ
24:351–59.

25
. GW to TJ, August 23, 1792,
PTJ
24:317.

26
. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick,
The Age of Federalism
(New York, 1993), 65–74, 124.

27
. AH conversation with George Beckwith, [October 1789],
PAH
5:482–90. The quotations can be found on pages 483, 484, and 487. The surviving notes of the discussion are those of Beckwith, not AH.

28
. AH to GW, July 8, 15, 1790,
PAH
6:484–85, 493–95; AH conversations with George Beckwith, July 15, August 7–12, 8–12, 1790, ibid., 6:497–98, 546–48, 550–51; Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 212–21. The quotation can be found in Elkins and McKitrick, on page 219.

29
. AH conversation with George Beckwith, [July 15, 1790],
PAH
6:497.

30
. TJ to GW, December 15, 1790,
PTJ
18:301–3; TJ to John Jay, April 23, 1786, ibid., 9:402; TJ to William Temple Franklin, May 7, 1786, ibid., 9:466. See also the exhaustive editorial note in ibid., 18:220–83. Morris’s reports of April 7, May 29, July 3, and August 16, September 18, 1790, can be found in ibid., 18:285–300.

31
. TJ to George Hammond, October 26, November 29, December 5, 12, 13, 15, 28, 1791, January 28, February 2, 25, March 30, 31, April 12, 13, May 29, June 2, 6, July 6, 9, 12, 1792, February 16, April 18, May 3, 15, June 5, 13, 19, 25, 26, August 1, 4, 7, 8, September 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, November 13, 14, December 26, 1793,
PTJ
22:234, 352–53, 378–79, 394, 399, 409–11, 467; 23:82, 97, 148–49, 352–53, 357, 406, 417, 551–602; 24:18–19, 37, 164, 202–3, 221; 25:206–7, 563–64, 644; 26:38–40, 197–98, 290–91, 321, 322, 361–62, 375–76, 378, 596, 612–13, 634–35, 639–40; 27:35–37, 82–83, 89, 99–100, 106, 143, 353, 368–71, 620–22. A succinct account of TJ’s diplomacy with Hammond can be found in Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 244–56.