Jefferson and Hamilton (82 page)

32
. Memorandum of Conversation between Philemon Dickinson and George Hammond, March 26, 1792,
PTJ
23:344–45; S. W. Jackman, “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–93,”
William and Mary Quarterly
18 (1961): 85–121.

33
. Conversations with George Hammond, December 15–16, 1791, January 1–8, 2–9, March 31, April 30–July 3, May 28–29, May 29–June 2, July 1–2, 1792,
PAH
10:373–76, 493–96, 498–99; 11:212–14, 347–48, 446–49, 454–55; 12:1–3. See also ibid., 10:350–51.

34
. TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792,
PTJ
23:185; Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, July 10, 1792, ibid., 24:210; Madison’s Conversations with Washington, May 5, 1792,
PGWP
10:351. On GW’s health concerns, see John Ferling,
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon
(New York, 2009), 305.

35
. AH to GW July 30 [–August 3], 1792,
PAH
12:137–38.

36
. TJ, Memoranda of Conversations with the President, March 1, 1792,
PTJ
23:185–86; TJ to GW, May 23, 1792, ibid., 23:535–40. The quotations can be found on pages 185 and 539.

37
. TJ to GW, September 9, 1792,
PTJ
24:358.

38
. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, October 1, 1792,
PTJ
24:434.

39
. Lewis Leary,
That Rascal Freneau: A Study in Literary Failure
(reprint, New York, 1964), 196–223. The quotations can be found on pages 203 and 223.

40
. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, October 1, 1792,
PTJ
24:433–35.

41
. AH to ESH, August 2, 9, 10, 21, September 4, 1791,
PAH
9:6–7, 24, 25–26, 87–88, 172–73. The quotations can be found on pages 7, 24, 26, and 87.

42
. AH,
Observations on Certain Documents Contained in No. V & VI of “The History of the United States for the Year 1796,” in Which the Charge of Speculation Against Alexander Hamilton, Late Secretary of the Treasury, Is Fully Refuted, Written by Himself
(Philadelphia, 1797),
PAH
21:238–85. See also the lengthy editor’s note on the subject in ibid., 21:121–44. The quotations can be found in AH’s account of the affair in ibid., 21:266 and 288.

43
. TJ, Notes on the Reynolds Affair, December 17, 1792,
PTJ
24:751.

44
. TJ to GW, May 23, 1792,
PTJ
23:537; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., March 3, 1793, ibid., 25:314.

45
. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., November 2, 16, 1792, March 3, 1793,
PTJ
24:556, 623; 25:314; TJ to Thomas Pinckney, December 3, 1792, ibid., 24:696.

CHAPTER 11: “A LITTLE INNOCENT BLOOD”: TO THE MOUNTAINTOP AND TO THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN

Chernow,
AH
, 431–81; Cooke,
AH
, 121–57; Miller,
AH
, 364–414; Malone,
TJ
, 3:39–242; Peterson,
TJ
, 479–543; Cunningham,
TJ
, 178–94; Brodie,
TJ
, 361–95.

1
. TJ, Notes of Conversations with George Washington, March 1, October 1, 1792, February 7, August 6, 1793,
PTJ
23:184–87; 24:434; 25:154; 26:627–30; TJ to GW, May 23, September 9, 1792, July 31, August 11, 1793, ibid., 23:539; 24:358; 26:593, 659–60; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., January 1, 1792, ibid., 23:8; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, January 15, March 22, 1792, ibid., 23:44, 326; TJ to William Short, January 28, 1792, ibid., 23:84.

2
. TJ to John F. Mercer, December 10, 1792,
PTJ
, 24:757; John Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
(New York, 2003), 356–57.

3
. AH, “The French Revolution,” (1794),
PAH
17:586.

4
. Simon Schama,
Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
(New York, 1989), 633, 776; Fisher Ames, “[Untitled] Against Jacobins,” [1794?], in Seth Ames, ed.,
Works of Fisher Ames
, edited and enlarged by W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2:974–84; Ames to Theodore Dwight, August [?], 1793, ibid., 2:964; David Waldstreicher, “Federalism, the Style of Politics, and the Politics of Style,” in Doran Ben-Atar and Barbara B. Oberg, eds.,
Federalists Reconsidered
(Charlottesville, Va., 1998), 115–16; Chauncey Goodrich to Oliver Wolcott, February 17, 1793, in George Gibbs, ed.,
Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and Adams, Edited from the Papers of Oliver Wolcott
(New York, 1946), 1:88; Gordon S. Wood,
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815
(New York, 2009), 177–78. The JA quotation can be found in John R. Howe,
The Changing Political Thought of John Adams
(Princeton, N.J., 1966), 171–72.

5
. Ron Chernow,
Washington: A Life
(New York, 2010), 658.

6
. AH, “Americanus,” no. 1, January 31, 1794,
PAH
15:670–71; AH, “Pacificus,” no. 5 (July 13–17, 1793), ibid., 15:92–95.

7
. TJ to Joseph Fay, March 18, 1793,
PTJ
24:402; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1188.

8
. TJ to William Short, January 3, 1793,
PTJ
25:14; TJ to Mason, February 4, 1791, ibid., 19:241. The Franklin quote can be found in H. W. Brands,
The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin
(New York, 2000), 705–6.

9
. TJ to James Monroe, June 4, 1793,
PTJ
26:190.

10
. The quotations can be found in Joyce Appleby,
Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s
(New York, 1984), 57.

11
. Lance Banning,
The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1978), 208–9; Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 209.

12
. TJ, Opinions on the Treaties with France, April 28, 1793,
PTJ
25:608–18, 597–602n; TJ to JM, April 28, 1793, ibid., 25:619; TJ, Anas (April 18, May 6, 1793), in Padover,
CTJ
, 1242–43; Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick,
The Age of Federalism
(New York, 1993), 340–41.

13
. The two preceding paragraphs draw on Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 330–36, 341.

14
. TJ to JM, April 28, 1793,
PTJ
25:619; TJ to Monroe, May 5, 1793, ibid., 25:661.

15
. TJ to Monroe, May 5, 1793,
PTJ
25:661; TJ to JM, July 7, August 11, 1793, ibid., 26:444, 652; AH conversation with George Hammond, June 10–July 6, 1793,
PAH
14:525–26; AH, “No Jacobin,” July 31–August 24, 1793, ibid., 15:145–51, 184–91, 203–7, 224–28, 243–46, 249–50, 268–70, 281–82, 304–6; Christopher J. Young, “Connecting the President and the People: Washington’s Neutrality, Genêt’s Challenge, and Hamilton’s Fight for Public Support,”
Journal of the Early Republic
31 (2011): 454; Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
(New York, 2010), 262. The “most offensive” remark by AH can be found in Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 348, while the source for the “No Jacobin” quote is
PAH
15:145.

16
. TJ, Anas (August 2, 1793), in Padover,
CTJ
, 1256. See also TJ to JM, June 9, 1793,
PTJ
26:241. On the press attacks on GW, see Chernow,
Washington
, 693.

17
. Eugene Link,
Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800
(New York, 1942), 44–70; Matthew Schoenbachler, “Republicanism in the Age of Democratic Revolution: The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s,”
Journal of the Early American Republic
18 (1998): 237–61; Jeffrey L. Pasley, “Thomas Greenleaf: Printers and the Struggle for Democratic Politics and Freedom of the Press,” in Alfred F. Young, Gary B. Nash, and Ray Raphael, eds.,
Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation
(New York, 2011), 364. The quotations can be found in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1820: A Documentary Sourcebook
(Westport, Conn., 1976), 19; and Appleby,
Capitalism and a New Social Order
, 55–56.

18
. AH, “Pacificus,” nos. 1–7, June 29–July 27, 1793,
PAH
15:33–43, 55–63, 65–69, 82–86, 90–95, 100–106, 130–35. The quotations can be found on pages 67 and 105.

19
.
PTJ
25:xlii; ibid., 27:xlix; TJ to William Carmichael and William Short, September 11, 1793, ibid., 27:88; TJ to JM, September 1, 1793, ibid., 27:7; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., September 2, 15, 1793, ibid., 27:21, 121; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, September 8, 1793, ibid., 27:64.

20
.
PAH
15:325n, 332n; AH, To the College of Physicians, September 11, 1793, ibid., 15:331; Alan Brodsky,
Benjamin Rush: Patriot and Physician
(New York, 2004), 329.

21
. TJ to JM, September 8, 1793,
PTJ
27:62.

22
. TJ to JM, November 2, 1793,
PTJ
27:297; TJ to Randolph, November 2, 1793, 299.

23
. TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting on the President’s Address and Messages to Congress, November 28, 1793,
PTJ
27:453–55; TJ to GW, December 2, 1793, ibid., 23:471–72; GW to TJ, December 2, 1793, ibid., 27:473.

24
. Robert Troup to AH, December 25, 1793,
PAH
15:588.

25
. TJ, First, Second, and Final State of the Report on Commerce, [August 23, 1791–April 13, 1792, February 5–23, 1793, December 16, 1793,
PTJ
27:535–78. The quotations can be found on pages 574 and 575. See also the editor’s note, ibid., 27:532–35; and Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 378–81; Doran S. Ben-Atar,
The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy
(New York, 1993), 17–133. The quotation can be found in
PJT
27:574. As for ministerial intentions toward America, TJ had read Lord Sheffield (John Baker Holroyd),
Observations on the Commerce of the American States
(London, 1784), and he had received from William Temple Franklin the secret communiqué of Lord Hawkesbury (Charles Jenkinson) that formed the basis of British commercial policy toward the United States.

26
. TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, December 22, 1793,
PTJ
27:608; GW to TJ, January 1, 1794, ibid., 28:3.

27
.
JMB
2:910–12; TJ to JM, April 27, 1795,
PTJ
28:339; TJ to Gates, February 3, 1794, ibid., 28:14. The AH quote can be found in Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark
, 366.

28
. TJ to JM, April 3, October 30, 1794,
PTJ
28:50, 337; TJ to JA, April 25, 1794, February 6, 1795, ibid., 28:57, 261; Edmund Randolph to TJ, August 28, 1794, ibid., 28:117–19; TJ to Randolph, September 7, 1794, ibid., 28:148; TJ to GW, May 14, 1794, ibid., 28:74–75; TJ to Robert Morris, February 19, 1795, ibid., 28:268.

29
. TJ to Wythe, April 18, 1795,
PTJ
28:337; TJ to William Branch Giles, April 27, 1795,
ibid., 28:337; TJ to JA, May 27, 1795, ibid., 28:363; TJ to Alexander Donald, May 30, 1795, ibid., 28:366.

30
. Jack McLaughlin,
Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder
(New York, 1988), 9–10, 20–25, 162–63, 228–34, 356–59, 361–68. On life at Monticello, see the account by Margaret Bayard Smith in Merrill D. Peterson, ed.,
Visitors to Monticello
(Charlottesville, Va., 1989), 49.

31
. TJ to John Bolling, October 7, 1791,
PTJ
22:198–99; TJ to Randolph, January 8, 1792, January 24, 1793, ibid., 23:33; 24:91; TJ to James Lyle, April 15, 1793, ibid., 25:550–51; TJ to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, April 29, 1795, ibid., 28:341. On TJ’s farming plan, see the account of the duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, who visited Monticello in 1796. It can be found in Peterson,
Visitors to Monticello
, 23–27. The “contemplative mind” quote is in ibid., page 23. For a short, informative essay, see Lucia Stanton, “Thomas Jefferson: Planter and Farmer,” in Francis D. Cogliano, ed.,
A Companion to Thomas Jefferson
(Chichester, England, 2011), 253–70. On the industry at Monticello and TJ’s earnings from the production of nails, see Henry Wiencek,
Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves
(New York, 2012), 92–93.

32
. Wiencek,
Master of the Mountain
, 113, 149; William Cohen, “Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery,”
Journal of American History
56 (1969): 503–26; Lucia Stanton, “ ‘Those Who Labor for My Happiness’: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves,” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville, Va., 1993), 158–60; Lucia Stanton,
“Those Who Labor for My Happiness”: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello
(Charlottesville, Va., 2012). To contrast TJ’s treatment of his slaves with practices elsewhere, including at GW’s Mount Vernon, see John Ferling,
The First of Men: A Life of George Washington
(reprint, New York, 2010), 476–78; and Henry Wiencek,
The Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America
(New York, 2005), 46–48, 348–49.

33
. TJ to James Lyle, July 10, 1795,
PTJ
28:405–6; TJ to Démeunier, April 29, 1795, ibid., 28:341. On TJ’s labor-management plans, see Stephen B. Hodin, “The Mechanisms of Monticello: Saving Labor in Jefferson’s America,”
Journal of the Early Republic
26 (2006): 377–418.