Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (54 page)

Herod, 18

hijra
(migration), 56

Hilmi, S¸ehbenderzade Ahmet, 164

Hindus, 66, 69

Hizb ut-Tahrir, 253–54

Hodgson, Marshall G. S., 51, 71

Hodja, Atif, 177–79, 183

Holbach, Baron d’, 181

Homo Islamicus,
228

Hourani, Albert, 171

House of Wisdom, 108

Hulagu Khan, 305
n

Human Rights Association (IHD), 320
n

Hungary, 143, 311
n

hurriyah
(freedom), 18, 94

Hürriyet
(Liberty; periodical), 155

Hürriyet (Liberty; Second Constitutional Period of Ottoman Empire), 158, 163, 208, 314
n

Hurvitz, Nimrod, 109, 304
n,
305
n

Husain, al-Khidr, 200

Husayn (Muslim citizen), 277

Husayn Pas¸a, mayor of Tunis, 169

Hussein (grandson of Muhammad), 86

Huston, Warner Todd, 31–32

Ibn al-Athir, 111

ibn Anas, Malik, 294
n

Ibn Hajar, 294
n

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 96–98, 99, 107, 109, 110, 115–16, 123–24

see also
Sunna tradition

Ibn Ishaq, 294

Ibn Khaldun, 95, 131, 137, 301
n
–2
n,
308
n
–9
n

Ibn Marwan, Umayyad caliph, 87

Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 91, 95, 118, 301
n

Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 95, 301
n

Ibn Taymiyyah, 277–78

Ibrahim, Mahmood, 125–26

idolatry, 44, 47–48

ijtihad
(independent reasoning), 18, 66, 114, 172, 174

Ilıcak, Nazlı, 320
n

Incoherence of the Philosophers
(al-Ghazali), 117–18

India, 20, 64, 65, 69, 112, 127, 172

Khilafat movement in, 187

Sepoy Mutiny in, 160

Individual and His Religion, The,
235

Indonesia, 65

innovation (
bid’a
), 16, 96, 99, 103, 130, 132, 139, 144

Inquisition, 113, 119

inquisition (
mihna
), 20, 109–10, 304
n
–5
n

intellectualism (rationalism), 18, 26, 96–97

see also
Traditionist-Rationalist confrontation

Introduction to History
(Ibn Khaldun), 95

Iqbal, Muhammad, 172

iqra
(recite), 44

iqta
(land grant), 18, 126, 134, 153

Iran, Islamic Republic of, 16, 36, 111, 128, 170, 190, 201, 213, 225, 241, 263, 264, 268, 278

apostasy in, 274–75

Islamic oppression in, 30

theocracy of, 249–50

veil controversy in, 188–89

Iranian Revolution of 1979, 35, 324
n

Iraq, 81, 88–89, 90, 96, 108, 122, 123, 126, 188

Iraq War, 195, 198, 241

Ishmael, Kingdom of, 67

Is It Possible to Deny God?
(Hilmi), 164

Islahat (Reform) edict, 18, 148–49, 150, 151

Islam:

abrogation theory and, 329
n

anti-Semitism and, 316
n

apostasy and, 273–75

Aristotelianism and, 301
n
, 310
n

blasphemy and, 281–82

“Calvinists” of, 228–30, 231

capitalism and, 298
n

Christians and, 60–61

command right–forbid wrong concept in, 264–68, 269

commerce and, 226

compulsion in, 263, 267–68

concept of Islamic economy and, 326
n

context and, 119–20

culture of the desert and, 130

and distaste for innovation, 130, 132

first civil war of, 80–81

in a free world, 286–87

handshake question and, 236–37

historic tradition of, 33

Jews and, 60–61

liberalizing mission of, 61–62

misogynistic attitudes in, 104

modern reform of, 168–72

after Muhammad, 80–83

myth of Mahdi and, 249

non-Muslims and, 60–61, 236

oppression and, 29–31

oriental patrimonialism in, 134–35

and Ottoman national identity, 142

physical environment and, 128–32, 309
n

pluralism debate in, 83–85

political, 256–57

political power in, 82–83

property rights in, 75

“Protestantization” of, 242

Qur’an as divine core of, 33

as religion of the sword, 65

religious conversions and, 151–52, 240, 273–74

and rule of God in post-Muhammad world, 248–49

secular state and, 260–61

stoning practice and, 297
n

success of, 47

Sunni-Shia schism in, 81–83

theocentricity of, 61

theory of sovereignty and, 310
n

tolerance debate in, 83–84

Turkish liberalization of, 233–38

see also
Islamdom; Islamic Empire; Islamism, Islamists; Muhammad, Prophet; Sunna tradition

Islam, Yusuf (Cat Stevens), 279

“Islam and Religious Freedom,” 240

“Islam and Secularism,” 225–26

Islamdom:

Abbasid dynasty and, 107–8

Age of Discovery and decline of, 127,
129

Arabs and, 101

commerce vs. military bureaucracy in, 126–27

first general election in, 156

foreign intrusions in, 173–74

Golden Age of, 108

Hadiths and, 101

modern West and, 139–40

Mongol invasion and, 112–13, 127

Ottoman Empire and decline of, 141

as People of the Book, 60–61

physical environment and, 128

political power and theology in, 85

trade in, 75–76, 122, 127,
129,
238

Islam for the UK, 259–60

“Islamic Calvinists,” 38

Islamic Calvinists
(ESI report), 229

Islamic Empire:

capitalism in, 75–76

expansion and extent of, 64–65

forced conversions in, 65

free trade in, 75–76

individualism in, 77

jihad
and, 65–66

non-Muslims in, 66–67

political order of, 65–66

purposes of, 65–66

rule of law basis of, 67–69

science in, 76

sex and intimacy in, 78–79

Shariah in, 68–69

social order in, 76–77

urbanization of, 77