Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (51 page)

35.
Orhan Pamuk got into trouble with the “insulting Turkishness—laws during an interview with a Swiss journal,
Das Magazin
, in February 2005, when he said: “Thirty thousand Kurds have been killed here [in Turkey], and a million Armenians. And almost nobody dares to mention that. So I do.” After prosecution, and an international outcry, charges were dropped in 2006.

36.
One tragic case was the 2007 assassination of Hrant Dink, a Turkish Armenian journalist, by a young ultranationalist who believed that some of Dink’s criticisms of Turkish nationalism constituted “insulting Turkishness.”

37.
Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople paid tribute to this Muslim sensitivity for the Virgin Mary during a speech on August 15, 2010, at the ancient Sümela Monastery, in northeastern Turkey, which was then reopened for Christian worship after eighty-eight years. “Bartholomew I celebrates first Mass at Our Lady of Sumela after 88 years,”
AsiaNews.it
, August 16, 2010.

38.
Qur’an 13:1, Bewley translation, with Arabic words anglicized.

39.
Qur’an 5:48, Bewley translation, with Arabic words anglicized.

40.
There are other verses that herald “victory” against the unbelievers—those are the ones that the champions of the Islam-will-conquer-the-world argument love to quote. But those verses refer to the specific war”an existential one”between the early Muslim community and the Meccan pagans who tried to annihilate them. Instead of a theory of “abrogation,” which implies a contradiction in the Qur’an, the better way of understanding these various verses is to regard the pluralism verses as the norm and the victory verses as relevant to cases of war.

41.
Qur’an 3:20, Bewley translation, with Arabic words anglicized.

Index

Page numbers in
italics
refer to maps.

Abbasid dynasty, 15, 26, 107–8, 118, 134, 141, 159

apostasy in, 226

Mongol invasion and, 112–13

non-Muslims in, 110–11

reign of al-Rashid in, 108

Traditionist-Rationalist conflict and, 107–12

Abduh, Muhammed, 170–71

Abdülaziz, Ottoman sultan, 154

Abdülhamid II, Ottoman sultan, 155–56, 157, 162, 170, 208, 314
n

Islamism and, 158–59

reform innovations of, 160–61

U.S.-Philippines conflict and, 159–60

Abdullah, S¸eyhul-Islam, 314
n

Abdülmecid Ottoman sultan, 140, 147–48, 160, 275–76

Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 325
n
–26
n

Abdulmuttalib, Grand Sharif of Mecca, 140

Abode of Freedom, 286

Abode of Islam (
dar al-Islam
), 15, 106, 286

Abode of Treaty (
dar al-ahd
), 15, 286

Abode of Trial (
dar al-ibtila
), 15, 93, 266, 272

Abode of Tyranny, 286

Abode of War (
dar al-harb
), 15, 106, 286

Abraham, 19, 60, 61, 283

abrogation, theory of, 103, 329
n

Abu Bakr, 64, 83, 251, 276

Abu Hanifa, 85, 89–90, 97, 98, 99

Acre Castle, 74

Adam, 104, 292
n

Adem, Khalid, 31–32

Adnan Menderes Mausoleum, 221

adultery, 270, 327
n

Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 170–71

Afghanistan, 25, 30, 36, 111, 201, 225, 264

Africa, 32, 64

Islamization of, 64–65

afterlife, 49, 52, 88, 172, 236, 258, 270, 271, 285

Age of Discovery, 127

ahl al-hadith,
see
People of Tradition

ahl al-Kitab
(People of the Book), 22–23, 142

ahl al-ray,
see
People of Reason

Ahmad, Barakat, 294
n

Ahmad, Muhammad, 324
n

Ahmed Khan, Syed, 172

Ahrar (Party of Liberals, Ottoman), 165

Aisha, 59, 64, 82, 294
n
–95
n

Akbulut, Neslihan, 205

Akçura, Yusuf, 314
n,
317
n

AKP (Justice and Development Party, Turkish), 203–4, 214, 219, 221, 230–31, 233, 241, 242

democracy and, 222–23, 224

founding of, 223

Gülen movement and, 225

Kemalists’ opposition to, 223–24

liberalism and, 225–26

Milli Görüs¸ movement abandoned by, 224–25

Muslimism and, 224

2007 election and, 223

Al-Azhar University, 252

Albania, 167

Alevis, 205

Algeria, 174, 213

Ali, Caliph, 24–25, 64, 80–81, 82, 83, 120, 300
n

in Battle of Siffin, 80–81, 82

Ali Pas¸a, Muhammad, 169

Âli Pas¸a (Ottoman statesman), 161

Aliya, Abu al-, 265

Aliye, Fatma, 163

Alkindus (al-Kindi), 95, 108

Allah, 15, 45, 245, 253, 292
n,
302
n,
326
n

Almohavid dynasty, 15, 65, 306
n

almsgiving (
zakat
), 26, 269, 276

Alpharibus (al-Farabi), 94–95, 118–19, 254

al-Qaeda, 120, 210

Alvarus, Paul, 77

American Revolution, 62

Amin, Ahmad, 171

Anatolia, 15, 141, 145, 179, 209, 227

Anatolian Tigers, 15–16, 227, 228

Andalus, Al, 113

Andıç
case, 320
n

Anglo-Saxon Superiority, The: To What Is It Due
(
À quoi tient la supériorité des Anglo-Saxons
) (Demolin), 165–66

animal rights, 54

animists, 32

Ankara School, 235–36

An-Na‘im, Abdullahi Ahmed, 256–57, 325
n

antirationalism, 96–98

anti-Semitism, 171, 175, 224

Muslim, 316
n

apostasy, 30–31, 151–52, 236, 273–78

death penalty and, 274, 277–78

in Qur’an, 275–76

Arabs, Arabia,
11,
67, 142, 167, 301
n,
311
n

animal rights and, 54

fatalism of, 85, 131–32

physical environment and mindset of, 128–32

Qur’an’s warning about, 121

Sunna tradition and, 130–31

tribalism of,
see
tribalism

use of term, 130

vendetta custom of, 293
n

see also
Bedouins

“Arab spring” of 2011, 241

Arafat, Walid N., 57–58, 294
n

Arınç, Bülent, 225, 321
n

Aristotle, 108, 164

Armenians, 147, 149, 156, 223

massacre of, 168, 226, 328
n

Armstrong, Karen, 54, 61, 173

Army of the People,
188

art, 124

Hadith’s ban of, 105

Ashari, al-, 115, 251–52

Asharism, 16, 115

Asia Minor, 64

Association for Liberal Thinking, 225

Ata, Wasil b., 306
n

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 19, 24, 34, 36, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185–87, 188, 219, 252, 314
n

personality cult of, 186

see also
Kemalist Revolution