Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (52 page)

atheism, 181

Athenagoras, Ecumenical Patriarch, 213–14

Attar, al-, 169

Augustine, Saint, 69

authoritarianism, 173, 202, 211, 260, 302
n
,
310
n

Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 91, 95, 118, 301
n

Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 95, 301
n

Aydın, Mehmet, 226, 235

Badr, Battle of, 16, 247–48

Bahrain, 241

Balkans, 64, 128, 145, 147, 158, 166, 167

Ottomans and, 156–57, 311
n

Balkan Wars of 1912–13, 167

Bamiyan, statues of Buddha at, 30

Banna, Hasan al-, 21, 200

Banu Hashim, 43

Banu Qurayza, 16, 59

massacre of, 57–58, 294
n

Baraheni, Reza, 189

Barber, Benjamin R. , 177

Bardakog˘lu, Ali, 233–36, 271

Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch, 284, 329
n

Basij
(militia), 16, 263

Basmachi Revolt of 1916–23, 174

Basri, Hasan al-, 87, 301
n,
306
n

BBC, 278

Bedouins, 16, 130

Arab
as term for, 130–31

fanaticism and culture of, 120–21

Kharijites and, 120–21

Qur’an’s warning about, 121

see also
Arabs, Arabia

Behind the Scenes of Ideological Hadith-Making,
235

Benedict XVI, Pope, 91

Berkes, Niyazi, 314
n

Bernard, Saint, 65–66

Beyazid II, Ottoman sultan, 143

bid’a
(innovation), 16, 96

Bigiev, Musa Jarullah, 172

Binder, Leonard, 80, 203

bin Laden, Osama, 194

jihad
as defined by, 194

Birgivi, Mehmet, 144

blasphemy, 279

death penalty and, 280

nationalism and, 284

in Qur’an, 281–83

Thomas Aquinas on, 280–81

Torah and, 280

violent reactions to, 281

Bodin, Jean, 142

Bolshevik revolution, 35

Booklet on Conditions of Europe, A
(Rıfat Pas¸a), 148

Book of Civil Politics, The
(
Kitab as-Siyasah al-Madaniyah
) (al-Farabi), 94

Braudel, Fernand, 76, 127

Brimmed Hat and the Imitation of Francs, The
(Hodja), 178

British Empire, 116

Büchner, Ludwig, 163–64, 181

Buddhists, 66, 108

Bukhari, al-, 102–3

Bulaç, Ali, 236

Bulgaria, 156, 166, 311
n

burqa,
16, 30, 264

Bush, George W., 318
n

Business Roundtable, 25

Byzantine Empire, 66–67, 105, 278

Ottoman defeat of, 142

caliphate, institution of, 33, 64, 81, 111, 155, 180, 183, 187, 190, 251–53

global government debate and, 252–54

Calvinists, 229

Cambridge History of Islam, The,
117

Canning, Stratford, 275–76

capitalism, 38, 75–76, 135, 200, 210, 229, 230–31, 242, 298
n

Islamic, 226–28

in Islamic Empire, 75–76

capitalism (
continued
)

middle class and, 226–27

oil money and, 238–39

puritan ideas and, 291
n

women’s empowerment and, 239

Cathedral of St. John (Damascus), 67

Catherwood, Christopher, 305
n

Catholic Church, 118

Caucasus, 64, 156, 167, 174

Cebesoy, Ali Fuat, 182

Çelebi, Yirmisekiz Mehmet, 146

Cevdet, Abdullah, 182

Cevdet Pas¸a, Ahmet, 140, 160, 161–62, 163

Chalcedonian Creed, 66

Charles V, King of France, 78

Charter of Medina, 56–57

Chechnya, 194

China, 37, 65, 127, 134, 180

Christianity, Christians, 21, 23, 29–30, 32, 51, 55, 87, 108, 122, 236, 279, 285

Abbasid dynasty and, 110–11

Coptic, 17, 92

European secularists and, 181–82

free will vs. determinism debate and, 91

Hadiths and, 105

Islam vs., 60–61, 66–67

Monophysites, 66–67

Muslim culture and, 77–79

in Ottoman Empire, 142–43, 151

punishment for blasphemy in, 281

rationalism vs. voluntarism in, 91

reason vs. dogmatism in, 118–19

religious conversions and, 151–52

in Spain, 113

of Syria, 66

toleration issue and, 125

Trinity doctrine of, 84, 118

Christmas bomber, 325
n
–26
n

Çiller, Tansu, 221

Cisneros, Ximenez de, 113

CNN, 198

Cold War, 213

Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (
I·ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti
) 16–17, 168, 314
n

Common Market, 215–16

Communism, 35, 184

Turkish aversion to, 213

Communist Party, Soviet, 68, 184

Congress, U.S., 169

Congress of Berlin (1878), 156–59

Constitution, U.S.:

First Amendment of, 206

Thirteenth Amendment of, 169

Constitutional Court, Turkish, 203–4

Coptic Christians, 17

Cordoba, Spain, 77

library of, 78

Cornell, Vincent, 247

crime, sin versus, 268–71

Crusades, 24, 65–66, 126, 127, 196

atrocities in, 74

Cündiog˘lu, Dücane, 291
n

Dahrites, 123

Danziger, Jeff, 319
n

dar al-ahd
(Abode of Treaty), 15, 286

dar al-ibtila
(Abode of Trial), 15, 93, 266, 272

dar al-Islam
(Abode of Islam), 15, 106, 286

Davutog˘lu, Ahmet, 240

Dawani, Jalal al-Din al-, 161

death penalty, 274, 277–78

Demirel, Süleyman, 215

democracy, 38, 118–19, 125, 214, 239, 241, 242

AKP and, 222–23, 224

al-Farabi and, 94–95

capitalism and, 218

and “law of God,” 255

in Ottoman Empire, 156–57

Özal Revolution and, 219–20

secular vs. secularist state and, 256

Shariah question and, 254–55

Sunna tradition and, 99

Young Ottomans and, 154–55

Democrat Party (DP), Turkish, 210–11, 215, 217

Demolin, Edmond, 165–66

Denmark, 31, 328
n

Descartes, René, 158