Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (53 page)

Destanne de Bernis, Gérard, 132

determinism,
see
free will vs. determinism debate

Diamond, Jared, 132

Dimashqi, Ghaylan al-, 87

Dink, Hrant, 329
n

Din ve Hürriyet
(
Religion and Liberty
) (Hazık), 165

Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet I·s¸leri Bas¸kanlıg˘ı), 17, 214, 226, 233–36, 271

Discourse on Method
(Descartes), 158

Discovery of Freedom, The: Man’s Struggle Against Authority
(Lane), 61

Diyanet,
see
Directorate of Religious Affairs

Diyarbakır prison, 36

Donner, Fred, 295
n

Dream, The
(
Rüya
) (Kemal), 207

Dreyfus affair, 171

Dubai, 239

Dutch Republic, 125

East Africa, 65

Ebusuud Efendi, S¸eyh-ül I·slam, 144

Ecevit, Bülent, 216

Edip, Halide, 182

Egypt, 21, 32, 66, 88, 169, 171, 174, 201, 213, 216, 241

El-Affendi, Abdelwahab, 253–54

Ellison, Grace, 318
n

English common law, 71, 76, 298
n

environmental determinism, theory of, 131

Epistle on Free Will
(al-Basri), 87

Erbakan, Necmeddin, 215–16, 217, 220, 221, 222, 240, 321
n

Erdog˘an, Recep Tayyip, 222, 223–25, 230, 240, 320
n
–21
n

Ersoy, Mehmet Akif, 166

Ertug˘rul, Ismail Fenni, 164

Esat Efendi, Mahmut, 163

Essenes, 191

Ethiopia, 32

Europe, 155, 156

anti-Semitism of, 171, 316
n

capitalism and, 135

feudalism and, 133–34

Middle East compared with, 133–34

Mongol invasion of, 305
n

Ottoman Empire and, 145–46, 150–51

topography of, 133

as trade center, 127,
129

European Stability Initiative (ESI), 229

European Union, 215–16, 219

Eve, 104

fadl
(merit), 50–51

fahsha
(sexual indecency), 270

Farabi, al- (Alpharibus), 94–95, 118–19, 254

Far East, 128

fatalism, 85

fath
(opening), 65

fatwa
(religious opinion), 17, 70

on Salman Rushdie, 280

Feldman, Noah, 71

Felicity Party, Turkish, 223

female genital mutilation, 31–32

feudalism, 133–34

fez (headgear), 17, 147, 178

fideism, 118

First Gulf War, 198

Forces of Fortune
(Nasr), 239

Forte, David, 62

Fox News, 195

France, 143, 146, 166, 173, 174, 181

Civil Code of, 161

Dreyfus affair in, 171

Ottomans and, 140

Francs, 17, 74

freedom, 39, 93, 123, 125, 135, 155, 175, 237

community state and, 94

European feudalism and, 133–34

Hayreddin on, 169–70

as
hurriyah,
18, 94

in Ottoman Empire, 148, 151, 155–56

Özal Revolution and, 218, 219–20

of press, 148

in Qur’an, 164–65, 166

religious,
see
religious freedom

to sin, 271–72

Sunna tradition and, 99

virtue and, 272

Freedom House, 30

free will vs. determinism debate, 122

in Christianity, 91

created or uncreated Qur’an debate and, 91–92

Hadiths and, 105

Jabriyyah School and, 19, 85–86

justice and, 90–91

Mutazilites and, 21, 90–92, 93

Qadarite movement and, 23, 85–87, 90, 93

revelation question and, 91–92

as theological controversy, 85–87

in Traditionist-Rationalist confrontation, 96–98

French Revolution, 35, 165, 179

Fuller, Graham, 239–40

Gandhi, Mahatma, 187

Garpçılar (Westernists), 181–82

Gaylani, Abd al-Qadir al-, 215

Genghis Khan, 112

Gerber, Haim, 69–70

Germany, 134, 143, 166, 181, 321
n

Ghaffar, Ashraf Abdel, 241

Ghannouchi, Rachid, 241

Ghazali, al-, 117–18, 215, 266, 306
n

Gökalp, Ziya, 165, 317
n

Golden Age of the Mutazilites, The,
235

Görmez, Mehmet, 234

government, Islamic, 250–52

Gowharshad Mosque, 189

Grand Council of State, Ottoman, 147, 149

Great Britain, 20, 54, 157, 166, 173, 174, 183, 189

common law of, 71, 76, 298
n

Islam for the UK group in, 259–60

Ottomans and, 140

Shariah courts in, 257–58

Greece, ancient, 108, 117, 309
n

Greece, modern, 166, 226, 311
n

Gregorian calendar, 180

Gül, Abdullah, 222–23, 224, 225, 230

Gülen, Fethullah, 214, 237

Gülen movement, 225–26, 237

Güngör, Erol, 190–91

Guns, Germs, and Steel
(Diamond), 132

Hadith Project, 233–34

Hadiths, 17, 23, 24, 25, 28, 89, 103, 130, 144, 171, 172

apostasy in, 274, 276–78

art banned in, 105

blasphemy punishment in, 282–83

forgeries and fabrications in, 101–3, 106

free will vs. determinism debate and, 105

hearsay in, 100–101

jihad doctrine and, 105

Muhammad in, 102

non-Muslims and, 105

Qur’an and, 104–6

as sanctified narrative, 106

Shariah and, 103–5

stoning in, 297
n

Turkish critique of, 233–34

usury in, 105

women and, 233–34

Haeckel, Ernst, 163

Haggadah, 17

Hakim II, Caliph al-, 78

Halakha, 17, 257

Hamlin, Cyrus, 151

Hanafi school, 17, 20, 21, 24, 85, 97, 106, 111, 114–15

criticism of, 122–23

in Ottoman Empire, 144–45, 161

Hanbali school, 17, 111, 115–16, 120

hasab
(inherited merit), 50

Hashwiyyah, 124

Hat Reform (1925), 17, 178, 180

Hay, John, 159

Hayreddin Pas¸a, 169–70

Hazık, Doktor, 165

Hejaz region, 18

Hejaz revolt of 1856, 140–41

Hellenism, 23, 24

Henry II, King of England, 298
n